This rapid multiplex pathogen detection system complemented traditional culture-based methods and offered some added diagnostic value for the timely detection of causative pathogens, selleck products particularly in antibiotic pre-treated patients. Furthermore, the ability of SeptiFast analysis to identify pathogens when the background of antibiotic administration is unknown may allow a change to narrower-spectrum antibiotics. The combined data suggest that SeptiFast may ultimately contribute both to the improvement of patient safety and to future medical economic efficiency. Clearly, adequately designed intervention studies are urgently needed to prove its clinical effectiveness in improving appropriate antibiotic selection and patient outcomes.

Key messages? This rapid multiplex pathogen detection system showed a higher pathogen detection rate in comparison with blood culture analysis.? This system offered some added diagnostic value for the timely detection of causative pathogens, particularly in antibiotic pre-treated patients.? However, the well designed intervention studies are urgently needed to prove the clinical effectiveness.AbbreviationsALL: acute lymphoma leukemia; AML: acute myelogenous leukemia; Cp: crossing point; EBM: evidence-based medicine; IC: internal control; ICU: intensive care unit; ITS: internal transcribed spacer; LOD: limit of detection; ML: malignant lymphoma; MRSA: methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; PCR: polymerase chain reaction; SIRS: systemic inflammatory response syndrome; SSCG: Surviving Sepsis Campaign Guidelines.

Competing interestsThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.Authors’ contributionsKY, YK, SK, KS, SA, HG and MK carried out the molecular genetic studies, participated in the sequence alignment and drafted the manuscript. MT, KT, SK, MS, HS and TS participated in the sequence alignment. OT, AM, YI, SO, NA and SH Brefeldin_A participated in the design of the study and performed the statistical analysis. HO, AI, NH, JT, MM, YK and YS conceived of the study, and participated in its design and coordination and helped to draft the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.AcknowledgementsThe authors received research funding, reagents, and equipment from Roche Diagnostics for this project.
In acute respiratory failure, mechanical ventilation (MV) is a life saving treatment without alternatives, and MV is also employed following surgery or trauma. One third of all patients in intensive care units worldwide receive MV [1]. However, particularly in preinjured lungs even minimal MV-associated physical stress may evoke ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI), an important undesirable effect of respirator therapy [2,3].