of cases (control group) Control group: retrospective 17 (10) 7 (none) 14 (none) 8 (none) 16 (none) 11 (none) Primary disease (no. of cases) FSGS (14/9) MCNS(3/1) MN (3) MCNS(2) IgAGN (1) FSGS (14) PSL

resistant FSGS(6) MCNS (1) MN + FSGS (1) FSGS (13) MN (3) FSGS (11) PSL, click here CyA resistant No. of Treatment 2/w × 3 1/w × 6 Total 12 2/w × 3 1/w × 7 Total 13 2/w × 3 Total 6 2-13 7.3 (average) 2/w × 3 Total 6 2/w × 3 1/w × 6 Total 12 Concomitant treatment (no. of cases) PSL 1.0 mg/kg none (4) PSL(1) PSL + CyA (2) PSL 0.8 mg/kg PSL/pulse 1.0 mg/kg PSL (14) immunosuppressant (10) PSL 1.0 mg/kg Clinical efficacy Remission 9 Partial remission 4 no effect 4 Remission 2 Partial remission 4 no effect 1 Responded 8 no effect 6 Remission 4 Partial remission 1 no effect 3 Improved 7 Unchanged 3 Worsened

3 unjudgemental 3 Remission 5 Partial remission 2 Efficacy rate 76 % 86 % 57 % 63 % FSGS 54 % 76 % Summary Reduced remission induction period Increased serum albumin Increased serum albumin Effective in younger age Amelioration of ApoB deposition BMN 673 price in glomerulus 5 in 6 cases >50 % reduction of proteinuria in 9 cases Effective in PSL resistant juvenile patients Acknowledgments The author would like to thank Drs. Soichi Sakai, Masatoshi Mune, Tsutomu Hirano, Motoshi Hattori, Kenjiro Kimura, Tsuyoshi Watanabe, Hitoshi Yokoyama, Hiroshi Sato, Shunya Uchida, Takashi Wada, Tetsuo Shoji, Tsukasa Takemura, Yukio Yuzawa, Hiroaki Oda, Kiyoshi Mori, and Takao Saito for their support as members of the click here Japanese Society of Kidney and Lipids. The author also thanks Drs. Hitomi Miyata, Mari Maeda, and Hiroyuki Matsushima for their contributions to patient

care and related studies. Conflict of interest There is no conflict of interest in the preparation and submission of this manuscript. Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited. References 1. Sulowicz W, Stompor T. LDL-apheresis and immunoadsorption: novel methods in the treatment of renal diseases refractory to conventional therapy. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2003;18:v59–62.PubMedCrossRef 2. Moorhead JF, Chan MK, El-Nahas M, et al. Lipid nephrotoxicity in chronic progressive glomerular and tubulo-interstitial disease. Lancet. 1982;2(8311):1309–11.PubMedCrossRef 3. Ong AC, et al. Tubular lipidosis: epiphenomenon or pathogenetic lesion in human renal disease? Kidney Int. 1994;45:753–62.PubMedCrossRef 4. Sakurai M, Muso E, Matsushima H, Ono T, Sasayama S. Rapid normalization of interleukin-8 production after low-density lipoprotein apheresis in steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. Kidney Int Suppl. 1999;71:S210–2.PubMedCrossRef 5. Savin VJ, McCarthy ET, Sharma M. Permeability factors in focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.