2 %), and were tested for cardiovascular drugs (25.8 %), GSK1904529A with placebo acting as control (38.1 %). Internal validity appeared largely robust, as most (50.5 %) reviews were at low risk of bias. Normalized yearly citations for the included reviews ranged between 5.6 in Google Scholar and 4.3 in Web of Science. Multivariable analysis showed that citations were significantly and positively associated with number of authors, North American corresponding author, number of studies included, number of patients included, noncardiothoracic surgical scope, explicit funding, and lack of competing interests (all p < 0.05).

Systematic reviews currently represent a key element in defining

state of the art ancillary treatments of patients

undergoing surgery. However, the citation success of available meta-analyses is not significantly associated with prognostically relevant findings or quality features.”
“Osteoarthritis is a common degenerative disorder of the articular cartilage associated with hypertrophic bone changes. Risk factors include genetics, female sex, past trauma, advancing age, and obesity. The diagnosis is based SCH 900776 purchase on a history of joint pain worsened by movement, which can lead to disability in activities of daily living. Plain radiography may help in the diagnosis, but laboratory testing usually does not. Pharmacologic treatment should begin with acetaminophen and step up to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Exercise is a useful adjunct

to treatment and has been shown to reduce pain and disability. The supplements glucosamine and chondroitin can be used for moderate to severe osteoarthritis when taken in combination. Corticosteroid injections Lonafarnib cost provide inexpensive, short-term (four to eight weeks) relief of osteoarthritic flare-ups of the knee, whereas hyaluronic acid injections are more expensive but can maintain symptom improvement for longer periods. Total joint replacement of the hip, knee, or shoulder is recommended for patients with chronic pain and disability despite maximal medical therapy. (Am Fam Physician. 2012;85(1):49-56. Copyright (C) 2012 American Academy of Family Physicians.)”
“In the present study, we investigated the possible development of tolerance to the antihyperalgesic effect of mu-opioid receptor (MOR) agonists under a neuropathic pain-like state. Repeated treatment with fentanyl, but not morphine or oxycodone, produced a rapid development of tolerance to its antihyperalgesic effect in mice with sciatic nerve ligation. Like the behavioral study, G-protein activation induced by fentanyl was significantly reduced in membranes obtained from the spinal cord of nerve-ligated mice with in vivo repeated injection of fentanyl. In -endorphin-knockout mice with nerve ligation, developed tolerance to the antihyperalgesic effect of fentanyl was abolished, and reduced G-protein activation by fentanyl after nerve ligation with fentanyl was reversed to the normal level.