, 2005 [71]   Silencing Bmi-1 in MCF breast cancer cells reported to downregulate the expression of pAkt and Bcl-2 and to increase sensitivity of these cells to doxorubicin with an increase in apoptotic cells in vitro and in vivo Wu et al., 2011 [72] Targeting p53     p53-based gene therapy First report on the use of a wild-type p53 gene containing retroviral vector injected into tumour cells of non-small cell lung carcinoma derived from patients. The use of p53-based gene therapy was reported to be feasible. Roth et al., 1996 [73]   Introduction of wild type p53 gene reported

to sensitise tumour cells of head and neck, colorectal and prostate cancers and glioma to ionising radiation Chène, 2001 [74]   Genetically engineered oncolytic adenovirus, ONYX-015 reported to selectively replicate in and lyse tumour cells deficient in p53 Nemunaitis et al., 2009 [76] p53-based drug therapy Small molecules     Phikan083 reported to MK-0457 solubility dmso bind to and restore mutant p53 Boeckler et al., 2008 [77]   CP-31398 reported to intercalate with DNA and alter and destabilise the DNA-p53 core domain complex, resulting in the restoration of unstable p53 mutants Rippin et al., 2002 [78]   Other agents     Nutlins reported to inhibit the MSM2-p53 interaction, stabilise p53 and selectively induce senescence in cancer cells Shangery and Wang, 2008 [79]   MI-219 reported

to disrupt the MDM2-p53 interaction, resulting in inhibition of cell proliferation, selective apoptosis in tumour cells and complete tumour growth inhibition Shangery et al., 2008 [80]   Tenovins reported ABT-263 price to decrease tumour

growth in vivo Lain et al., 2008 [81] p53-based immunotherapy Patients with advanced stage cancer given vaccine containing a recombinant replication-defective adenoviral vector with human wild-type p53 reported to have stable disease Kuball et al., 2002 Quisqualic acid [82]   check details clinical and p53-specific T cell responses observed in patients given p53 peptide pulsed dendritic cells in a phase I clinical trial Svane et al., 2004 [83] Targeting IAPS     Targeting XIAP Antisense approach     Reported to result in an improved in vivo tumour control by radiotherapy Cao et al., 2004 [86]   Concurrent use of antisense oligonucleotides and chemotherapy reported to exhibit enhanced chemotherapeutic activity in lung cancer cells in vitro and in vivo Hu et al., 2003 [87]   siRNA approach     siRNA targeting of XIAP reported to increase radiation sensitivity of human cancer cells independent of TP53 status Ohnishi et al., 2006 [88]   Targeting XIAP or Survivin by siRNAs sensitised hepatoma cells to death receptor- and chemotherapeutic agent-induced cell death Yamaguchi et al., 2005 [89] Targeting Survivin Antisense approach     Transfection of anti-sense Survivin into YUSAC-2 and LOX malignant melanoma cells reported to result in spontaneous apoptosis Grossman et al.