6 %) of 185 gastric carcinomas and its expression was closely associated with GKN1 immunonegativity. There was no significant relationship between altered expression of SOX9 protein and clinicopathological parameters HIF pathway including overall survival.

These data suggest that aberrant SOX9 expression by GKN1 inactivation may be involved in the development of

sporadic gastric cancers as an early event.”
“Purpose of review

Coccidioidomycosis is a fungal infection caused by Coccidioides spp., a fungus endemic to the southwestern USA. Immunocompromised patients with coccidioidomycosis often present with atypical manifestations. We provide clinical, diagnostic, and management approaches for clinicians in nonendemic areas who might encounter coccidioidomycosis in transplant recipients.

Recent findings

With preemptive screening, heightened awareness, and targeted prophylaxis, the incidence of coccidioidomycosis in transplant recipients has decreased to 1-3% in endemic areas. Dissemination and mortality continues to be clinically significant (about 30%). Serological findings are often unreliable in transplant recipients, necessitating invasive procedures for a tissue or microbiological diagnosis. Caspase-independent apoptosis Management recommendations are similar to those for immunocompetent hosts, except that transplant

patients may require more prolonged therapy and secondary prophylaxis to prevent reactivation. The exact risk of donor-derived coccidioidomycosis is unknown. Routine KPT-8602 mw antifungal prophylaxis is not currently recommended for transplant recipients visiting or relocating to endemic areas.

Summary

Transplant recipients who travel to or reside part-time or full-time in endemic areas are at risk for both primary and reactivated

coccidioidomycosis. Clinicians in nonendemic areas should be aware that early diagnosis followed by prompt antifungal therapy could be lifesaving. Prophylactic strategies can prevent reactivation in select circumstances.”
“Rodents, such as rats and mice, are strongly tactile animals who explore the environment with their long mobile facial whiskers, or macrovibrissae, and orient to explore objects further with their shorter, more densely packed, microvibrissae. Although whisker motion (whisking) has been extensively studied, less is known about how rodents orient their vibrissal system to investigate unexpected stimuli. We describe two studies that address this question. In the first we seek to characterize how adult rats orient toward unexpected macrovibrissal contacts with objects and examine the microvibrissal exploration behavior following such contacts. We show that rats orient to the nearest macrovibrissal contact on an unexpected object, progressively homing in on the nearest contact point on the object in each subsequent whisk.