99 ± 0.05; Spine 2, 0.96 ± 0.11; dendrite, 1.05 ± 0.04; Figures 4E, 4H, and 4L). To address how NLG1 cleavage affects synaptic function, we developed a system to acutely and selectively cleave NLG1 on demand (Figure 5A; Movie S1). For this, we inserted

the thrombin (Thr) proteolytic Ku-0059436 in vivo recognition sequence LVPRGS into the stalk domain of NLG1 downstream of the dimerization domain, replacing the endogenous sequence TTTKVP. In these experiments, the NLG1ΔA splice variant lacking splice site A was chosen, due to its stringent partitioning into excitatory synapses (Chih et al., 2006). This Thr-cleavable mutant (GFP-Thr-NLG1) localized to synapses in a manner indistinguishable from wild-type GFP-NLG1 in DIV21 hippocampal neurons (Figures 5A–5D). Incubation with 5 U/ml Thr for 30 min resulted in rapid and extensive reduction of GFP-Thr-NLG1 synaptic fluorescence (fractional fluorescence

remaining; 0.20 ± 0.03; Figures 5A–5G; Movie S1). Control neurons Dabrafenib molecular weight transfected with GFP-NLG1 lacking a Thr recognition sequence exhibited no change in GFP fluorescence upon Thr treatment (fractional fluorescence remaining; 0.99 ± 0.02; Figure 5H; Movie S2 right panel), indicating that the reduced GFP fluorescence was not due to photobleaching. To determine how acute NLG1 shedding affects postsynaptic morphology and integrity, we cotransfected neurons with mCherry (mCh) or PSD95-mCh and compared fluorescence changes after 30 min of Thr incubation. No significant changes in spine volume measured by the mCh cell fill (mCh fluorescence ratio post/prethrombin; 1.04 ± 0.03; Figures 5A and 5F; Movie S1) or Adenosine PSD95-mCh puncta intensity (PSD95-mCh fluorescence ratio post/prethrombin; 0.97 ± 0.02; Figures 5B and 5F) were detected after Thr treatment. To test whether acute cleavage of NLG1 regulates presynaptic NRX1β, we sequentially transfected neuronal cultures with GFP-Thr-NLG1 and NRX1β-mCh lacking splice site 4, obtaining

distinct populations of neurons expressing each construct. This approach generated pre- and postsynaptic pairs labeled with NRX1β-mCh and GFP-Thr-NLG1, respectively. At dually labeled synapses, acute Thr treatment caused a rapid and pronounced decrease in NRX1β-mCh fluorescence (Figures 5E–5G; Movie S2; fractional fluorescence remaining: 0.51 ± 0.04). Further analysis of the kinetics of GFP-Thr-NLG1 and NRX1β-mCh level at a higher sampling rate revealed that loss of both proteins occurs in tandem (Figures S5A–S5D). Importantly, there was no detectable change in presynaptic synaptophysin-mCh signal intensity (fractional fluorescence remaining: 0.99 ± 0.08) under similar conditions (Figures 5D and 5F), indicating that destabilization of NRX1β by NLG1 cleavage is specific and not due to indirect structural changes in presynaptic terminals. This was further confirmed by immunolabeling of the vesicular glutamate transporter VGLUT1, which was unaffected by acute NLG1 cleavage (Figures S5E–S5G).