aegypti engorged females and live females in both groups were compared using a date-by-date analysis of variance followed by a non-parametric test of Kruskall–Wallis. Differences were considered significant at P < 0.05. The analyses were performed with Systat 9 software using percentage ×10 as data. All dogs included in the study demonstrated adequate pre-treatment parasite holding ability. On day −7, the percentage of engorged female was, respectively, 87.6% for the treated group and 86.3% for the control group. All untreated animals maintained adequate engorged female level throughout

the study (Fig. 1). Post-treatment percentage of engorged mosquitoes for the treated dogs was significantly lower than that for untreated control dogs (which ranged from 81% to 92% at all post-treatment evaluations – P < 0.05, AZD5363 clinical trial Table 1). The treatment provided 91.5% anti-feeding efficacy on day 1 then ≥94% efficacy up to 3 weeks after treatment (day 21) and at the end of the study (day 28) 87% efficacy. There was no significant statistical difference

between both groups in mortality in females at day −6 and at day −5 meaning that pre-treatment, blood feeding on dogs from both groups did not lead to death of mosquitoes. Then, after 1 h of exposure and 24 h after each challenge point performed at day 1, day 7, Selleck AZD0530 day 14, day 21 and day 28, the difference in mortality of females A. aegypti between treated and controlled group was significant (P < 0.05). The treatment had a mortality effect calculated at 1 h and at 24 h post-exposure above 93.0% and

93.4%, respectively, until the end of the animal phase. The maximum of mortality is obtained at day 7 with an efficacy of 100%, and then remained above 96.3% until day 21. The mortality effect calculated at 1 h and at 24 h post-treatment was approximately the same (Table 1). The objectives of this study were to evaluate the insecticidal effect Bacterial neuraminidase and the repellent effect of a formulation with permethrin 36.08% (w/w), dinotefuran 4.95% (w/w) and pyriproxyfen 0.44% (w/w) combination against A. aegypti mosquitoes on dogs. This formulation provided excellent results with a good repellent effect – 94% and insecticidal effect – 96% for 3 weeks post-treatment falling to 87% in week 4. The treatment of dogs with permethrin–dinotefuran–pyriproxyfen formulation seems to offer better protection from Aedes mosquito bites than formulations of lower or similar dosage of permethrin combined with imidacloprid or with permethrin alone. Indeed, in similar trials performed with A. aegypti ( Meyer et al., 2003 and Tiawsirisup et al., 2007), insecticide efficacy for 65% permethrin alone ranged from 84% to 90.9% until day 21 and declined to 50.3% on day 28; insecticide efficacy for 50% permethrin combined with 10% imidacloprid ranged from 40.4% to 100% until day 21 and declined to 2.1% on day 28.