After 100 CF4/N-2 plasma treatments, no thin film deposition was observed on the organic material. To investigate the characteristics of the CF4/N-2 plasma, the exhaust gas from the plasma was measured 8-Bromo-cAMP solubility dmso by using ion attachment mass spectroscopy (IAMS). The IAMS spectrum indicated that the amounts of CF3 and F radicals were increased drastically with increasing addition of CF4. A mechanism of the selective surface modification was clarified on a result of surface chemical bonding with the gas phase. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3525246]“
“Although

models based on independent component analysis (ICA) have been successful in explaining various properties of sensory coding in the cortex, it remains unclear how networks of spiking neurons using realistic

plasticity rules can realize such computation. Here, we propose a biologically plausible mechanism for ICA-like learning with spiking neurons. Our model combines spike-timing dependent plasticity and synaptic scaling with an intrinsic plasticity rule that regulates neuronal excitability to maximize information transmission. We show that a stochastically spiking neuron learns one independent component for inputs encoded either as rates or using spike-spike correlations. Furthermore, different independent components selleck chemicals llc can be recovered, when the activity of different neurons is decorrelated by adaptive lateral inhibition.”
“Rats lesioned shortly after birth with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA; 134 mu g icv) represent a near-ideal model Selleckchem CA-4948 of severe Parkinson’s disease because of the near-total destruction of nigrostriatal dopaminergic fibers. The element manganese, an essential cofactor for many enzymatic reactions, itself in toxic amount, replicates some clinical features similar to those of Parkinson’s disease. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of neonatal manganese exposure

on 6-OHDA modeling of Parkinson’s disease in rats. Manganese (MnCl(2)center dot 4H(2)O) 10,000 ppm was included in the drinking water of pregnant Wistar rats from the time of conception until the 21st day after delivery, the age when neonatal rats were weaned. Control rats consumed tap water. Other groups of neonatal rat pups, on the 3rd day after birth, were pretreated with desipramine (20 mg/kg ip 1 h) prior to bilateral icv administration of 6-OHDA (30, 60, or 137 mu g) or its vehicle saline-ascorbic (0.1%) (control). At 2 months after birth, in rats lesioned with 30, 60, or 134 mu g 6-OHDA, endogenous striatal dopamine (DA) content was reduced, respectively, by 66, 92, and 98% (HPLC/ED), while co-exposure of these groups to perinatal manganese did not magnify the DA depletion. However, there was prominent enhancement of DA D(1) agonist (i.e.