Ambiguously aligned positions and gaps were excluded from both analyses. Phylogenetic relationships were inferred using maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian methods https://www.selleckchem.com/products/cbl0137-cbl-0137.html with the programs PhyML [51] and MrBayes [52], respectively. For ML, the nucleotide datasets were analysed using a general-time-reversible (GTR) model of base substitutions, plus a gamma correction with eight substitution rate categories and the proportion of invariable sites (GTR + I + G). ML bootstrap analysis of 500 replicates was performed with the same parameters described above. For Bayesian analyses, the program MrBayes was
set to operate with a gamma correction with eight categories and proportion of invariable sites, and four Monte-Carlo-Markov chains (MCMC) (default temperature = 0.2). A total of 2,000,000 generations was calculated with trees sampled every 50 generations and with a prior burn-in of 100,000 generations (i.e., 2,000 sampled trees were discarded). A selleck kinase inhibitor majority rule consensus tree was constructed from 18,000 post-burn-in trees with PAUP* 4.0. Posterior probabilities correspond to the frequency at which a given node is found in the post-burn-in trees. Archiving A
digital archive of this paper is available from PubMed Central and print copies are available from libraries in the following five buy Buparlisib museums: Natural History Museum Library (Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK), American Museum of Natural History (Department of Library Services, Central Park West at 79th St., New York, NY, 10024, USA), Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle (Direction clonidine des bibliothèques et de la documentation, 38 rue Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 75005 Paris, France), Russian Academy of Sciences (Library for Natural Sciences of the RAS Znamenka str., 11, Moscow, Russia) and Academia Sinica (Life Science Library, 128 Sec. 2 Academia Rd, Nankang Taipei 115, Taiwan R.O.C.). Formal Taxonomic Descriptions Euglenozoa, Cavalier-Smith, 1981 [53]
Symbiontida, Yubuki, Edgcomb, Bernhard & Leander, 2009 [19] Bihospites n. gen. Breglia, Yubuki, Hoppenrath and Leander 2010 Description Uninucleate biflagellates; two heterodynamic flagella inserted subapically, with paraxial rods and no mastigonemes; flagella of approximately the cell length; elongated cells with a rounded posterior end; nucleus at anterior end of cell; cell covered with epibiotic bacteria of two different types: rod-shaped and spherical-shaped; cell surface with S-shaped folds; tubular extrusomes with cruciform core; presence of black bodies mainly at the anterior end of cell; rhythmic cell deformations and gliding motility. Type species Bihospites bacati. Etymology Latin Bihospites, with two guests. The generic name reflects the presence of two different episymbiont morphotypes: rod-shaped, and spherical-shaped episymbionts. Bihospites bacati n. sp.