For AvrPtoB, IpaH9.8, and SspH1, interference with signaling pathways is mediated by ubiquitination of host kinases, activities captured with the molecular function terms “”GO:0019901 protein kinase binding”" and “”GO:0004842

ubiquitin-protein ligase activity”" [22–24]. AvrPtoB Selleck Seliciclib ubiquitinates host kinases involved in resistance-gene mediated host immunity [24], while SspH1 ubiquitinates PKN1 [22, 25], a host kinase integral to innate immune response signaling pathways. The ability of IpaH9.8 to buy RG-7388 suppress innate immunity also appears linked to ubiquitination – in this case of MAP kinases [22]. Other effectors alter immune signaling pathways using alternative enzymatic activities. These include inactivation of MAP kinase signaling by “”GO:0034598 phosphothreonine lyase activity”", documented for both OspF [26] and HopAI1 [27], and targeting of MAP kinases by acetyltransferase-activity (GO:0016407) observed for YopP/J [28]. AvrPtoB, in addition to its ubiquitination-dependent suppression of resistance gene-mediated

host immunity, suppresses innate immunity through E3-ligase independent targeting of kinase signaling [29]. The specific molecular functions by which this suppression is accomplished have yet to be characterized. Putting Gene Ontology to work for you The Pto DC3000 and E. coli annotations have been see more deposited in the GO database where searches can be conducted for GO terms or particular gene products. At that site and through linked resources, users can search for gene products annotated to multiple, user-selected GO terms of interest or analyze microarray data for enrichment of genes annotated to particular terms. The value of the Gene Ontology project is directly proportional to the number and quality of the annotations being contributed, and though intensive efforts have been directed

toward annotation of virulence-related gene products in Pto DC3000 and E. coli, ongoing annotation Endonuclease of these and effectors deployed by a wider range of plant and animal pathogens would greatly enhance the insights that could be gained. Among the steps being taken to facilitate ongoing annotation are proposals that journals request suggested GO terms from manuscript authors akin to requests for keywords. Guidelines are also being developed to aid researchers in identification of appropriate terms for specific protein families. For example, a tutorial on GO term assignment for plant pathogenic effectors is presently available through the Pseudomonas-Plant Interaction website http://​www.​pseudomonas-syringae.​org.