Fourier transform infrared and

energy dispersive spectrometer were used to identify the structure of HSO-MFAPP. For the HSO-MFAPP/polypropylene (PP) composites, the flame retardant effect was evaluated by the limiting oxygen index and UL-94 testing, the compatibility was observed with scanning electron microscope, and the thermal stability was studied by thermogravimetric analysis. The results showed that the microencapsulation of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) with HSO-MF was prepared by in situ polymerization, and the flame retardant properties and water resistance of the PP/HSO-MFAPP/pentaerythritol (PER) composites Selleckchem PX-478 were much better than the ones of the PP/APP/PER composites. Moreover, the compatibility of HSO-MFAPP with PP was better than that of unmodified APP. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012″
“The Ras superfamily comprises many guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) that are essential to intracellular signal transduction. The guanine nucleotide-dependent intrinsic flexibility patterns of five G proteins were investigated in atomic detail through Molecular Dynamics simulations of the GDP- and GTP-bound states (S-GDP and S-GTP, respectively). PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitor 3 manufacturer For all the considered systems, the intrinsic flexibility of S-GDP was higher than that of S-GTP, suggesting that Guanine Exchange Factor (GEF) recognition and nucleotide

switch require higher amplitude motions than effector recognition or GTP hydrolysis. Functional mode, dynamic domain, and interaction energy correlation

analyses highlighted significant differences in the dynamics of small G proteins and G alpha proteins, especially in the inactive state. Indeed, S-GDP of G alpha(t), is characterized by a more extensive energy coupling between nucleotide binding site and distal regions involved in GEF recognition compared to small G proteins, which attenuates in the active state. Moreover, mechanically distinct domains implicated in nucleotide switch could be detected in the presence of GDP but not in the presence of GTP. Finally, in small G proteins, functional modes are more detectable in the inactive state than in the active one and involve changes in solvent PLX-4720 price exposure of two highly conserved amino acids in switches I and II involved in GEF recognition. The average solvent exposure of these amino acids correlates in turn with the rate of GDP release, suggesting for them either direct or indirect roles in the process of nucleotide switch. Collectively, nucleotide binding changes the information flow through the conserved Ras-like domain, where GDP enhances the flexibility of mechanically distinct portions involved in nucleotide switch, and favors long distance allosteric communication (in G alpha proteins), compared to GTP.”
“A classic paradigm in radiation biology asserts that all radiation effects on cells, tissues and organisms are due to the direct action of radiation on living tissue.