Furthermore, only a slight cross-reactivity to the HA of a conventional H1N1 strain (PR/08/34) was detected in this assay indicating the specificity for the

novel swine flu HA (data not shown). Therefore, a robust selleck kinase inhibitor and consistent antibody response depended on the use of codon-optimized expression plasmids (Fig. 4). For pandemic viral infections such as the 2009 H1N1 swine flu, it is highly desirable to develop vaccines which can be easily adapted to the new circulating strains and can be rapidly deployed in a predictable and reproducible manner. DNA vaccines seem to be particularly advantageous in these respects since production and purification of plasmid DNA is well established. Importantly, previous experience with production of DNA vaccines suggests that changes in the sequence encoding the vaccine antigen have minimal effect on the production process. Thus manufacturing procedures developed for one influenza vaccine can be readily and predictably adapted for use against novel strains. Since it is known that HA expression plasmids can protect mice from a lethal challenge with A/PR/8/34 (H1N1)

[2] and [20], we evaluated swine origin H1N1-derived HA expression plasmids administered using a DNA electroporation system in Balb/c mice. In contrast to the selleckchem results of the studies mentioned above, the immune responses induced by plasmids containing the wildtype sequence were low with substantial variation from animal to animal. Although polyfunctional CD4 responses could be detected in all vaccinees, CTL responses and HA-specific antibodies were found in only half of the recipients. Codon-optimized DNA vaccines against different influenza strains such as avian H5N1 or human H3 variants have been reported to enhance protective efficacy in mice, chickens and humans [1], [8] and [21]. In agreement with these studies, codon-optimization of a HA expression plasmid derived from the novel swine origin H1N1 virus also significantly enhanced

the immunogenicity of the DNA vaccine. Interestingly, the antigen-specific Fossariinae CD4 response was similar to that achieved using to the WT plasmids, but the CD8 responses and antibody levels were significantly enhanced. Furthermore, the responses were consistent among all animals in this group and included polyfunctional CD8 T-cells. These polyfunctional CD8 T-cells seem to correlate well with protection in a number of viral infections [22] and [23]. The dichotomy between the CD4 and CD8 responses was quite surprising, since the increased expression level resulting from codon-optimization should affect both responses to a similar extent as has been previously reported in studies of HIV and HPV DNA vaccines [9] and [24]. This suggests that HA expression of swine origin H1N1 virus is restricted by a different mechanism than genes of HIV and HPV.