Given these findings, this review will present differences in health www.selleckchem.com/products/brefeldin-a.html outcomes as risks of formula feeding, using breastfeeding mother-infant dyads as the referent group. Infant Feeding and Child Health Outcomes Infectious Morbidity Compared with breastfed infants, formula-fed infants face higher risks of infectious morbidity in the first year of life. These differences in health outcomes can be explained, in part, by specific and innate immune factors present in human milk.11 Plasma cells in the mother��s bronchial tree and intestine migrate to the mammary epithelium and produce IgA antibodies specific to antigens in the motherinfant dyad��s immediate surroundings, providing specific protection against pathogens in the mother��s environment.12 In addition, innate immune factors in milk provide protection against infection.
Oligosaccharides prevent attachment of common respiratory pathogens, such as Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae, to respiratory epithelium, and glycoproteins prevent binding of intestinal pathogens such as Vibrio cholerae, Escherichia coli, and rotavirus.13 Glycosaminoglycans in milk prevent binding of HIV gp120 to the CD4 receptor, reducing risk of transmission, and human milk lipids contribute to innate immunity, with activity against Giardia lamblia, H influenzae, group B streptococci, S epidermidis, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1).14 Otitis Media Approximately 44% of infants will have at least 1 episode of otitis media in the first year of life, and the risk among formula-fed infants is doubled (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.
4�C2.8) compared with infants who are exclusively breastfed for more than 3 months.1 Human milk oligosaccharides and antibodies to common respiratory pathogens in the infant��s environment are thought to provide protection from infection. Lower Respiratory Tract Infection In a meta-analysis of 7 cohort studies of healthy term infants in affluent regions, Bachrach and associates15 found that infants who were not breastfed faced a 3.6-fold increased risk (95% CI, 1.9�C7.1) of hospitalization for lower respiratory tract infection in the first year of life, compared with infants who were exclusively breastfed for more than 4 months. These studies included adjustment for parental smoking and socioeconomic status.
The majority of respiratory hospitalizations for infants result from infection with RSV. Lipids in human milk appear to have antiviral activity against RSV. Gastrointestinal Infections Multiple studies suggest that formulafed infants face an increased Dacomitinib risk of gastroenteritis and diarrhea. In a meta-analysis of 14 cohort studies, Chien and Howie16 found that infants who were formula fed or fed a mixture of formula and human milk were 2.8 times (95% CI, 2.4�C3.1) more likely to develop gastrointestinal (GI) infection than those who were exclusively breastfed.