Nevertheless, post-TD IBS remains an issue because it represents a long-term travel sequelae in a previous healthy population. Of

note, the TD-associated IBS incidence is twice the incidence rate of self-limited influenza in a comparable population of travelers. Further investigations need to focus on the pathophysiological interaction of IBS predisposing factors. Research is also needed to optimize TD self-treatment and to determine whether extensive preventive measures, eg, by drug prophylaxis, would reduce the risk of IBS among travelers. If so, those with predisposing HIF activation factors could in the pre-travel consultation discuss available options to reduce the risk for IBS. The study was self-funded by the Division of Communicable Diseases of the Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine at the University of Zurich, Switzerland. R. S. has obtained research sponsorships

(which could Buparlisib cell line indirectly be related) from Dr Falk Pharma, Intercell, Optimer, Santarus. Additionally he was sponsered as a speaker by Salix. The other authors state that they have no conflicts of interest to declare. “
“Introduction. Spain could be a potential area in Europe for the development and spread of emerging diseases from the tropics due to its geoclimatic characteristics, but there is little information on infectious diseases imported by travelers. The aim of this article was to analyze clinical–epidemiological characteristics of infectious diseases imported by Spanish travelers Thalidomide from the tropics. Methods. A retrospective descriptive study of 2,982 travelers seeking medical advice who return ill from the tropics was conducted. Demographic data, details of travel (destination, type, and duration), preventive measures, clinical syndromes, and diagnoses were analyzed. Results. Nearly half (46.5%) the travelers had traveled to sub-Saharan Africa; 46.5% reported a stay exceeding 1 month (and almost a quarter more than 6

months). Following pre-travel advice, 69.1% received at least one vaccine and 35.5% took malarial chemoprophylaxis with variations according to geographical area of travel. In all, 58.8% of this took chemoprophylaxis correctly. Most common syndromes were fever 1,028 (34.5%), diarrhea 872 (29.3%), and cutaneous syndrome 684 (22.9%). Most frequent diagnoses were traveler’s diarrhea (17.2%), malaria (17%), and intestinal parasites (10.4%). The three main syndromes in travelers to the Caribbean–Central America, Indian subcontinent–Southeast Asia, and other areas were diarrhea, fever, and cutaneous syndrome (p < 0.05); in sub-Saharan Africa were fever, cutaneous syndrome, and diarrhea (p < 0.05); and in South America were cutaneous syndrome, diarrhea, and fever (p < 0.05). Travelers to sub-Saharan Africa showed a higher frequency of malaria, rickettsiosis, filariasis, and schistosomiasis (p < 0.