Our findings show that after fortification, Protein Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor 83.6% of volunteers had an adequate dietary intake of folate in contrast to only 28.9% in the prefortification group, a fact that indicates

the beneficial effect of fortification. In the postfortification group, 98.2% and 92.7% of volunteers showed adequate plasmatic concentrations of cobalamin and folate, respectively, whereas in the prefortification group, these percentages were 72.4% and 80.6%, respectively. Similar results were found in a study of children in the United States, which showed that after fortification, the intake of cereals ready for consumption or supplements containing folic acid increased the daily intake and serum concentrations of folate and cobalamin [36]. Selhub et al [37], in a study on the US population before and after fortification, showed that Hcy levels do not generally decrease with increasing concentrations of folate among persons with low serum cobalamin. On the other hand,

an intervention study conducted with healthy male subjects showed that a system of fortification with 200 μg/d of folic acid, which can be achieved by food fortification, would be effective in reducing Hcy level [38]. We Epacadostat purchase did not observe association between Hcy concentrations and the practice of physical activity; the same result was observed in another study in adults of both sexes, without any chronic illness, in Greece [39]. Observational study in humans showed an inverse correlation between the concentrations of Hcy and HDL-C, an inverse association between HDL-C and CVD, and a positive correlation between Hcy and CVD [40]. The results of the present study showed an inverse correlation, although not significant, between Hcy concentration and the concentration of HDL-C, possibly because the sample was smaller. The differences between the 2 groups in concentrations of total cholesterol, HDL-C, triglycerides, and dietary fiber suggest

greater FXR agonist cardiovascular protection in the postfortification group, possibly due to an increased consumption of food rich in fiber. Nevertheless, it is necessary to point out some limitations of this research. The studies from which the selected women were included were not developed for this purpose and the members of the 2 groups were not the same. However, all procedures were performed with the same technique, equipment, and by the same researchers in both groups. The women from the prefortification group were much older than those from the postfortification group. The Hcy difference found in both groups could have resulted from age difference. To minimize the limitation of age difference between the 2 groups, the main study variables were adjusted by age.