The following

scientific support serves as the basis for formulation of proprietary blends and the inclusion of specific ingredients. Beta-alanine, a precursor to carnosine [6], has been used to improve performance of high-intensity exercise [7,8] by increasing the muscle carnosine pool [9]. Carnosine serves as a muscle buffer during intense exercise and increasing carnosine ISRIB stores through TPCA-1 in vitro beta-alanine supplementation can enhance this buffering ability [6]. Research on beta-alanine has shown that supplementation improves the rate of fatigue in sprinters [10] and improves YoYo Intermittent Recovery performance (the ability to repeatedly perform and recover from exercise) for amateur athletes [7]. Additionally, beta-alanine supplementation has increased the number of repetitions to fatigue and overall work capacity [6]. Creatine, the most extensively researched ergogenic aid [11], has been shown to increase strength and improve body composition in most individuals when combined with exercise [12]. Creatine’s ergogenic abilities are derivative of its ability

to rapidly replenish ATP stores, allowing for quicker recovery and potential increased training volume SAHA datasheet [13]. To properly load creatine stores in the muscle, it is recommended that an individual consume roughly 0.3g/kg/day for three days followed by a maintenance dose of 3-5g/day after the first three days [11]. Alternately, a lower dose of 2-3g/day may also be utilized to increase stores slowly [11]. Supplementation of creatine is also beneficial for improving lean body mass when combined with exercise [14]. According to the International Society of Sport Nutrition Position Stand on Creatine, creatine monohydrate is currently the most effective supplement for increasing anaerobic capacity Casein kinase 1 and lean body mass [11]. Research on branched chain amino acids (BCAA) has concluded that supplementation can result in increased protein synthesis and additional lean body mass in multiple

populations [6]. BCAA have also been shown to improve muscular strength as well as an increase thigh mass [15]. Muscle damage has been markedly reduced after exercise and BCAA supplementation [16]. Intake of BCAA, and leucine in particular, can create an anabolic environment [17] by reducing protein oxidation and promoting sarcomerogenesis in skeletal muscle [18]. The inclusion of BCAA before or after an exercise session will help the body maintain a positive nitrogen balance and support muscle growth. Another well researched ergogenic aid, caffeine, is often a key component to pre-workout supplements due to its stimulatory benefits, and subsequent improvements in time to fatigue [6]. Caffeine has also been shown to have a potential glycogen-sparring effect during exercise, likely improving endurance [19], and chronic beneficial changes in body composition [20-22].