This was related to a flow rule developed for this material in a previous study on compressive behavior. This flow rule is an adaptation of that of Hill, in which the anisotropy coefficients are power-law functions of the extension ratios. It is used in conjunction with
an Eyring process. The observed rate dependence of the www.selleckchem.com/products/PF-2341066.html tensile behavior conformed with that obtained with the power-law flow rule and could be used to derive a value of the power-law coefficient. Independent observations were made of the relationship between the axial and transverse strains in tensile specimens with inhomogeneous strain fields. A constitutive model was developed that incorporates the new flow rule and was implemented in a finite element analysis. When this analysis was used to model the inhomogeneous tensile specimens, it gave predictions of the axial and transverse strain that were consistent with the experiment when the power-law coefficient was the same value as that derived from the study of the rate dependence. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl selleck chemical Polym Sci 121:2936-2944, 2011″
“Background:
Promotion of the HIV epidemic by aflatoxin is postulated but not yet established. Sub-Saharan populations commonly consume food contaminated by mycotoxins, particularly aflatoxins (predominantly found in peanut, maize, rice, and cassava) and fumonisins, which occur primarily in maize. Aflatoxin promotes hepatocellular cancer, and fumonisin may promote esophageal cancer.
Objectives: find more This analysis was undertaken
to test the hypotheses that consumption of mycotoxin-prone staple foods is 1) related to the incidence of HIV infection in Africa and 2) related to “”signature”" cancer rates confirming exposure to aflatoxins and fumonisins.
Design: World Health Organization data for causes of death and the Food and Agriculture Organization per capita consumption data for commodities in sub-Saharan Africa were used. Per capita Gross Domestic Product and the percentage of Muslims (%Muslim) were the socioeconomic data sets exploited. Relations between causes of mortality, consumption of mycotoxin-prone foods, and socioeconomic variables were evaluated. Models for HIV transmission as a function of maize consumption and %Muslim were estimated.
Results: HIV and esophageal cancer deaths were significantly related to maize but were inversely related to %Muslim and rice consumption. HIV infections were minimized (74 compared with 435/100,000 people; odds ratio: 2.41; 95%CI: 1.73, 3.24; P <= 0.0001) by the combination of low maize consumption and above-median %Muslim. Hepatocellular cancer deaths were positively related to rice but negatively related to maize consumption.
Conclusions: HIV transmission frequency is positively associated with maize consumption in Africa.