“
“Tomato ringspot virus (ToRSV), Tobacco ringspot virus see more (TRSV) and Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) are transmitted to healthy plants by viruliferous nematodes in the soil. A method was developed for extraction of genomic viral RNA from virus particles carried within nematodes and a sensitive nested RT-PCR detection assay. The procedure has been adapted to microscale

for handling multiple samples. This assay is effective for detection of ToRSV or TRSV in Xiphinema americanum or TRV in Paratrichodorus allius. With this method, viruses can be detected in nematodes fed on infected plants or from field-collected nematodes where the percentage of viruliferous nematodes is unknown. Soil samples from four red raspberry fields infected with ToRSV were collected in 2003 and 2004. Nematodes isolated R788 from these samples were assayed for ToRSV by RT-PCR and compared to cucumber baiting bioassay for virus transmission from the same soil samples. ToRSV was detected in nematodes throughout the season with similar frequencies by the RT-PCR assay and the transmission bioassay. Published by Elsevier B.V.”
“OBJECTIVE: Tumors within Meckel’s cave are challenging and often require complex approaches. in this report, an expanded endoscopic endonasal approach is reported as a substitute

for or complement to other surgical options for the treatment of various tumors within this region.

METHODS: A database of more than 900 patients Who underwent the expanded endoscopic endonasal approach at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center from 1998 to March of 2008 were reviewed. From these, only patients who had an endoscopic endonasal approach to Meckel’s cave were considered. The technique uses the maxillary sinus and the pterygopalatine fossa as part of the working corridor. Infraorbital/V(2) and the vidian neurovascular bundles are used as surgical landmarks.

The quadrangular space is opened, which is bound by the internal carotid artery medially and inferiorly, V(2) laterally, and the abducens nerve superiorly. This offers direct access to the anteroinferomedial Dapagliflozin segment of Meckel’s cave, which can be extended through the petrous bone to reach the cerebellopontine angle.

RESULTS: Forty patients underwent an endoscopic endonasal approach to Meckel’s cave. The most frequent abnormalities encountered were adenoid cystic carcinoma, meningioma, and schwannomas, Meckel’s cave and surrounding structures were accessed adequately in all patients. Five patients developed a new facial numbness in at least I segment of the trigeminal nerve, but the deficit was permanent in only 2. Two patients had a transient VIth cranial nerve palsy. Nine patients (30%) showed improvement of preoperative deficits on Cranial Nerves III to VI.