Virosomes containing surface HIV-1 gp41-derived P1 lipid conjugated peptides (MYM-V101) as prophylactic HIV-1 vaccine were prepared. MYM-V101 was safe and well tolerated when administered by intramuscular and

intranasal routes in healthy women. P1-specific serum IgGs and IgAs were detected in all recipients but P1-specific TH1 responses were not found [Leroux-Roels order AEB071 et al. 2013]. Currently, several clinical trials with virosome vaccines are registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (see ClinicalTrials.gov, search terms virosome AND vaccine). Conclusion The enormous versatility of liposomes and the related archaeosomes and virosomes endows them as highly valuable carrier systems for vaccines. Besides improving antigen stability and presentation to immunocompetent cells, depending on their specific properties including composition, size and surface properties, these nanocarriers also possess the ability to overcome biological barriers, such as skin and mucosa, and provide controlled and slow release of antigens. Together with the ability to induce strong immune responses provided by coformulated adjuvants, liposome-based vaccines provide properties that are fundamental for the development of modern vaccine formulations. It is predictable that these delivery systems will be increasingly applied in the near future with success, leading to major improvements in

vaccine development. Footnotes Funding: This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. Conflict of interest statement: The author declares that there is no conflict of interest.

Tobacco use represents one of the most important public health problems

worldwide. Tobacco endemic is a leading cause of death, illness and impoverishment, resulting in nearly six million fatalities annually. Over 90% of these deaths are caused directly by tobacco use whilst about 10% are the results of non-smokers being exposed to second-hand smoke [1]. If current trends are not changed, these figures are expected to increase to more than 8 million deaths per year by 2030 [1,2]. Nearly 80% of the more than one billion smokers worldwide, a percentage projected to rise [3], live in low and middle income countries where the burden of tobacco related illness and death is substantial. Premature deaths which may be caused by tobacco use deprive Brefeldin_A families of those who died of income, raise the cost of health care and hinder economic development [1]. Additionally, tobacco smoking is a prevalent risk factor for cardiovascular and respiratory disease such as coronary heart disease, lung cancer and tuberculosis [1,3]. In a study that was conducted in Botswana, it was found that, 66.4% of patients that were diagnosed and treated for cancer in three referral hospitals were associated with tobacco use [4]. Moreover, tobacco use represents an important issue in occupational health because of its significant impact in the workplace [2].