We then compare these substrate effects with the results of theoretical studies that typically assume a vacuum environment. Nilotinib IC50 As the surface coverage increases, clusters often form around the initial distortion, and the stoichiometric composition of the saturated end product depends strongly on both the substrate and reactant species. In addition to these chemical and structural observations, we review how covalent modification can extend the range of physical properties that are achievable in two-dimensional materials.”
“The fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and graphene have enriched the family of carbon allotropes over the last few decades. Synthetic carbon allotropes (SCAs) have attracted chemists, physicists, and materials scientists because of the sheer multitude of their aesthetically pleasing structures and, more so, because of their outstanding and often unprecedented properties.

They consist of fully conjugated p-electron systems and are considered topologically confined objects in zero, one, or two dimensions.

Among the SCAs, graphene shows the greatest potential for high-performance applications, in the field of nanoelectronics, for example. However, significant fundamental research is still required to develop graphene chemistry. Chemical functionalization of graphene will increase its dispersibility in solvents, improve its processing into new materials, and facilitate the combination of graphene’s unprecedented properties with those of other compound classes.

On the basis of our experience with fullerenes and carbon nanotubes, we have described a series of covalent and noncovalent approaches to generate graphene derivatives.

Using water-soluble perylene surfactants, we could efficiently Brefeldin_A exfoliate graphite in water and prepare substantial amounts of single-layer-graphene (SLG) and few-layer-graphene (FLG). At the same time, this approach leads to noncovalent graphene derivatives because it establishes efficient pi-pi stacking interactions between graphene and the aromatic perylene chromophors supported by hydrophobic interactions.

To gain efficient access to covalently functionalized graphene we employed graphite intercalation compounds (GICs), where positively charged metal cations are located between the negatively charged graphene sheets.

The balanced http://www.selleckchem.com/products/MLN8237.html combination of intercalation combined with repulsion driven by Coulombic interactions facilitated efficient exfoliation and wet chemical functionalization of the electronically activated graphene sheets via trapping with reactive electrophilic addends. For example, the treatment of reduced graphite with aryl diazonium salts with the elimination of N-2 led to the formation of arylated graphene. We obtained alkylated graphene via related trapping reactions with alkyl iodides.

These new developments have opened the door for combining the unprecedented properties of graphene with those of other compound classes.