Eligible individuals were those aged 18�C65 years who reported smoking at minimum selleck chem nearly every day in the past 6 months, reported smoking a minimum of 10 daily cigarettes, were not currently trying to quit smoking, and reported no current use of smoking cessation pharmacotherapies or counseling. All participants enrolled in the study from September 2005 to March 2007 completed the procedures; one participant was excluded due to invalid data, resulting in a final sample of 199. Laboratory session Participants arrived at the Transdisciplinary Tobacco Use Research Center Biobehavioral Smoking Laboratory for a single 90-min session. After giving informed consent, they provided an exhaled breath carbon monoxide sample (Vitalograph; Lenexa, KS) for biochemical verification of smoking status, as well as demographic and smoking history measures.

Measures and PSAs were presented via a 17-in. computer monitor using MediaLab Research Software (Empirisoft, New York, NY) with the participant seated in a comfortable chair approximately 1 m away. Participants completed the session measures alone in the observation room so as to minimize bias from investigator�Cparticipant or participant�Cparticipant interaction. Measures Covariates. Standard questionnaires (Lerman et al., 1997) were administered at the beginning of the session to assessdemographics, smoking history, and current smoking rate. The Fagerstr?m Test for Nicotine Dependence (Heatherton, Kozlowski, Frecker, & Fagerstr?m, 1991), a six-item, self-report measure of nicotine dependence (range=0�C10), with satisfactory internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha=.

64) and high test�Cretest reliability (r=.88), also was administered. Sensation seeking (Zuckerman, 1990) was assessed with eight items used previously in populations of viewers of antidrug advertisements (Palmgreen et al., 2001). Questions pertained to liking of new, exciting, and dangerous activities and were accompanied by 4-point response scales (1=agree strongly to 4=disagree strongly). Similar sensation-seeking measures have been shown to moderate effects in psychophysiological studies (Hutchison, Wood, & Swift, 1999). Responses to all items were reverse coded and then summed to produce an overall index of sensation seeking (Cronbach’s alpha=.80). Psychophysiological outcome measures.

Four physiological assessments (skin conductance, heart rate, zygomatic electromyography, and corrugator electromyography) were performed during the initial viewing of each PSA and during 30-s baselines prior to each PSA presentation. Physiological measures were determined by mean change, defined as the mean value during PSA presentation minus the last 10 s of the Carfilzomib preceding 30-s baseline (Carter & Tiffany, 2001). Skin conductance, reported in microSiemens, is a measure of sympathetic nervous system activity and has been used as a measure of arousal (Lang, Chung, Lee, Shin, & Schwartz, 2005).