We include all descriptive http://www.selleckchem.com/products/BI6727-Volasertib.html outcomes in Table 1 but highlight results that we deem clinically important. Table 1. Outcomes during the 28-day study period SAS (version 9, SAS Institute, Cary, NC) was used for survival analysis, and trends over time were determined using multilevel growth modeling or binary growth modeling with dichotomous outcomes (MLwiN v1.1, Multilevel Models Project, Institute of Education, University of London, London, UK). SPSS 13 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL) was used for all other analyses. For the analysis evaluating whether daily intentions predicted abstinence or reduction, only the participants who reported at least twice an intention to change (abstain or reduce) as well as 2 days of no intention to change were retained.

Less than half of participants reported a mix of both intentions to quit/reduce and intentions to not change. We computed odds ratios (ORs) for each participant: We then used the Mantel�CHaenszel method for combining the ORs (Cooper & Hedges, 1994). We defined a quit attempt as a report of at least 1 day of not smoking any cigarettes. We assumed that an entire 24 hr of abstinence due to unavailability of cigarettes or smoking restrictions would be very rare, and thus, daylong abstinence represented a quit attempt. Although this definition excludes individuals who may attempt to quit but do not last an entire day without smoking (Carpenter & Hughes, 2005), a 24-hr quit attempt is the most commonly used definition (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1999).

Like most Entinostat reduction studies (Hughes & Carpenter, 2005), we considered a reduction in cigarette use to be clinically significant if the reduction from baseline was at least 50%. Among those included, we are missing data on 7% of days. To prevent 1 or 2 days of missing data from falsely truncating episodes of abstinence or reduction, we imputed missing values using the mean of the preceding and succeeding values when possible and last observation carried forward when not possible. Results Recruitment We recruited 235 participants; 15 (6%) prematurely terminated the study for various reasons (e.g., did not want to provide Social Security numbers to receive compensation). Of the 220 participants who completed the study, 50 reported a goal to quit abruptly, 50 to quit gradually, 50 to reduce only, and 70 to not change. We excluded the data from participants for four reasons: assignment to the group that reported CPD and intentions only weekly (see above; 35 participants), noncompliance defined as completing less than 70% of the daily calls (21 participants), absence of baseline self-report of usual CPD (9 participants), or discrepant goals at the screen versus baseline assessment portions of the initial telephone call (3 participants).