For men, five of the seven plasma indices were significantly associated with hand grip strength, but for women, none of the seven were associated with this index of physical function. For men, the pattern of associations with a physical activity score was similar to that for grip strength, and for women, four of the plasma indices were associated with the physical activity score. For men, three of the plasma indices were associated Adavosertib molecular weight with smoking habit,

but for women, only one (plasma phosphorus) was associated with this lifestyle index. Plasma PTH was not significantly correlated with any of the function and lifestyle indices (not shown). Table 2 Linear

regression of plasma bone-related indices versus selected functional and lifestyle indices   Versus hand grip strengtha,b Versus physical activity scorea,c Versus smoking habita,d t value P t value P t value P Plasma indices: see more men  P-calcium −0.4 0.7 +1.2 0.2 −1.1 0.3  P-phosphorus −2.2 0.03 +2.4 0.015 −0.2 0.9  P-25(OH)D +3.5 0.0005 −3.3 0.001 −2.4 0.02  P-alkaline phosphatase −2.1 0.04 +1.4 0.15 +3.7 0.0003  P-albumin +2.7 0.007 −1.9 0.05 −1.1 0.3  P-creatinine −0.7 0.5 +2.0 0.04 +0.3 0.7  P-α1PF-02341066 chemical structure -antichymotrypsin −2.8 0.005 +3.0 0.003 +4.4 <0.0001 Plasma indices: women  P-calcium −0.8 0.5 −0.8 0.4 +0.5 0.6  P-phosphorus −0.9 0.4

−0.8 0.4 +2.5 0.01  P-25(OH)D +1.6 0.12 −4.1 <0.0001 −1.8 0.08  P-alkaline phosphatase −0.4 0.7 +2.3 0.02 +1.3 0.2  P-albumin +0.2 0.8 −4.2 <0.0001 +0.9 0.4  P-creatinine −0.5 0.6 −0.3 0.7 +0.1 0.9  P-α1-antichymotrypsin −1.5 0.12 +2.3 0.02 +1.6 0.1 aRegressions adjusted for age and confined to those subjects for whom mortality data were available. Alkaline phosphatase, creatinine and α1-antichymotrypsin were log-transformed before the analyses. df = 378–435. P plasma bContinuous variable: mean estimate Metalloexopeptidase for both hands. Higher values denote greater hand grip strength [5] cFour discrete categories: from 1 = very active to 4 = very inactive [5] dThree discrete categories: 0 = non-smoker; 1 = <20 cigarettes/day; 3 = >20 cigarettes/day [5] Hazard ratios for all-cause mortality Table 3 lists the age- and sex-adjusted hazard ratios for all-cause mortality for both sexes combined and subdivided by sex. For the combined sexes, significant predictors of mortality included plasma 25(OH)D (‘protective’), plasma phosphorus (‘deleterious’, i.e. higher levels = greater risk) and dietary energy (‘protective’).