monocytogenes would be anticipated to encounter periods of sustained nutrient

deprivation. The development of the GASP phenotype is marked by the ability of bacteria from an aged culture to outcompete bacteria from a younger culture during long-term selleck kinase inhibitor stationary phase growth (Finkel, 2006). GASP thus requires that a bacterial strain be capable of surviving for an extended period of time following its inoculation into growth medium. To measure the survival of L. monocytogenes during nutrient starvation, bacteria grown in nutrient-rich broth (BHI) were assessed for viability following incubation for 12 days at 37 °C. Cultures exhibited a characteristic lag, logarithmic, and stationary growth phase during the first 24 h of growth

(Fig. 2a). After remaining in stationary phase for 1–2 days, L. monocytogenes entered a death phase during which an approximate 90% loss of cell viability was observed over 24 h. The subsequent bacterial population then maintained a stable cell density representative of a long-term stationary growth phase that persisted for the remaining days (Fig. 2a). The ability of L. monocytogenes to express the GASP phenotype was next assessed. As E. coli cultures need to be at least 8 days old (when cultured in LB under aerobic conditions) to express the GASP phenotype (Zambrano et al., 1993; Finkel, 2006), we aged L. monocytogenes cultures for 12 days prior to the assessment for GASP as an arbitrary staring point. Bacteria from a L. monocytogenes 12-day-old culture were

added to a 1-day-old culture at a ratio of 1 : 100 (Fig. 1). Bacteria from the 12-day-old culture outcompeted bacteria ABC294640 of the 1-day-old culture over 10 days, such that the ratio at day 10 was 10 : 1 of 12-day-old cells to 1-day-old cells (Fig. 2b). In contrast, when bacteria from a 1-day-old culture of L. monocytogenes were added to another 1-day-old culture at a ratio of 1 : 100, no change in this ratio was observed over 10 days (Fig. 2b). The competitive advantage exhibited by the bacteria from a 12-day-old culture was thus reflective of culture age, and indicated that L. monocytogenes is capable of expressing GASP. To determine if the Carnitine dehydrogenase L. monocytogenes GASP phenotype was the result of a stable genetic change, bacteria from a 12-day-old culture were grown in BHI to a high cell density, diluted 1 : 100 into fresh media, and once again grown to high cell density. This process was repeated every 24 h for a total of 12 cycles of dilution and outgrowth or passages (Fig. 1b). Bacteria from the passaged 12-day-old culture were then added to a 1-day-old culture of wild-type L. monocytogenes at a ratio of 1 : 100. Just as with bacteria from a non-passaged 12-day-old culture, bacteria from the passaged 12-day-old culture outcompeted bacteria of the 1-day-old culture over 10 days (Fig. 2b), thus indicating that L. monocytogenes GASP resulted from a stable genetic change.