Overhead pressing in a seated unsupported position requires good trunk control to stabilise the posture of the spine. Females showed greater spine movements, suggesting a trunk strengthening program prior to including overhead pressing may be

beneficial. The dynamic external rotation ROM for males was greater than their passive measure for behind the head protocol. To avoid possible injury passive ROM should be increased prior to behind the head protocol. For participants with normal trunk stability and ideal shoulder ROM, overhead pressing is a safe exercise (for the shoulder and spine) when performed either in-front or behind Selleckchem Smad inhibitor the head. Authors wish to thank Rob De Marco for the development of the excel macro used to collate the data captured in 3D. The authors affirm no financial affiliation (including research funding) or involvement with any commercial organization that has a direct financial interest in any matter included in this manuscript. “
“Skeletal muscle fibers have the ability to regenerate after damage induced by chemical, physical, or mechanical stimuli.1 Satellite cells are mainly responsible for the regeneration process,2 but bone marrow-derived progenitor cells may also be involved in muscle regeneration.3 and 4 One such progenitor cell is identified by

the CD34 molecule on the cell surface (CD34+),5 and 6 and CD34+ cells are normally found in the bone marrow as hematopoietic or endothelial progenitor cells. However, small numbers of CD34+ cells can be detected in the circulation.7 and 8 Palange et al.7 reported that circulating CD34+ LGK-974 cell line cells in the peripheral blood were involved in tissue repair processes. Quyyumi et al.9 showed a reduction in myocardial infarct size following a coronary infusion of CD34+ bone marrow cells, which implies that the infused CD34+ cells played a role in the regeneration process of the damaged

muscle. Several studies have reported changes in circulating CD34+ cells Megestrol Acetate following exercise.10, 11, 12, 13 and 14 For example, Bonsignore et al.10 examined circulating CD34+ cells and their subpopulations in endurance athletes, and reported that compared with sedentary subjects, trained runners showed 4-fold higher circulating CD34+ cell counts at baseline, which decreased one day after a marathon race, suggesting the peripheral use of these cells. Morici et al.11 reported that supramaximal rowing exercise (1000 m) doubled the number of circulating CD34+ cells in young, well-trained athletes. In a more recent study, the post-exercise changes in several bone marrow-derived hemopoietic and angiogenic progenitors were compared between a marathon and a 1500-m run, and Bonsignore et al.12 reported that CD34+ cells did not change after a marathon, but increased after a 1500-m run. In contrast, Adams et al.