Results: Fifty-four donor-recipient pairs met the inclusion criteria. Twenty-eight (51.9%) patients had valid preoperative 24-hour urine

collection, seven (25%) of whom had hypercalciuria. Seven (13%) patients had previous symptomatic nephrolithiasis, but no stones on imaging. Forty-one patients donated a kidney with at least one stone, with a mean stone size of 2.4mm (range 1-6mm). Median follow-up for donors and recipients was 22.5 months (interquartile range [IQR] 1-79.3) and 47.4 months (IQR 25.1-76.1), with 50% and 77.7% having a follow-up learn more of more than 2 years, respectively. One donor with nephrolithiasis on preoperative imaging who donated the contralateral kidney passed a stone spontaneously after visiting the emergency department. Otherwise, no other donors or recipients experienced any stone episodes during the follow-up period. Conclusion: The risk of clinical stone recurrence in donors and recipients is low: As such, presence of small caliceal stones should not constitute an exclusion for living-related kidney donation.”
“BACKGROUND: A bioelectrochemical process for trichloroethene (TCE) dechlorination was developed. In this new process, a solid-state Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Library in vitro electrode polarized to -450 mV versus the standard hydrogen electrode (SHE),

in combination with a redox mediator (i.e., methyl viologen, MV) is employed as an electron donor for the microbial reductive dechlorination of TCE. In this

study we compared the performance of the process with the redox mediator immobilized at the surface of electrodes or dissolved in the bulk liquid, using both a culture highly enriched in Desulfitobacterium spp., capable of dechlorinating TCE to cis-dichloroethene (cis-DCE), and selleck a culture highly enriched in Dehalococcoides spp. capable of dechlorinating cis-DCE to ethene.

RESULTS: Short-term potentiostatic (-450 mV versus SHE) experiments showed that TCE or cis-DCE was dechlorinated both in the presence of soluble (500 mu mol L(-1)) and immobilized MV. However, TCE or cis-DCE dechlorination rates with MV-modified electrodes were remarkably lower than with soluble MV. Both cultures produced significant amounts of H(2) in the presence of electrically reduced, soluble MV, whereas no H(2) was produced when the mediator was immobilized at the electrode surface, regardless of the potential applied to the electrode, in the range -425 to -500 mV versus SHE.

CONCLUSIONS: The process, operated with modified electrodes, supports the microbial dechlorination of TCE to ethene. Immobilization not only allows retention of the mediator within the system, but also increases process efficiency by preventing bioelectrochemical H(2) formation. On the other hand, strategies to increase dechlorination rates with modified electrodes need to be developed.