The reactions with water-soluble aryl iodides and aryl bromides containing electron-withdrawing or electron-donating substituent occurred at room temperature. The catalytic efficiency was found to depend on the size of palladium

nanoparticles and their morphology.”
“Objectives: To examine nonparticipation in a survey by linking it with register information and identify potential nonresponse bias of inequalities in health status among aging people.

Study Design and Setting: Cross-sectional questionnaire survey with clinical find more checkups carried out in 2002 among persons born in 1926-1930, 1936-1940, and 1946-1950 in Southern Finland. The sample was linked with register information from Statistics Finland and analyzed in terms of participation and health status as measured by medicine reimbursements.

Results: selleckchem Participation in the survey was more frequent among those who were older, female, married or cohabiting, higher educated and nonurban residents, and those with higher income and moderate health. Among nonrespondents, women were less healthy than men, whereas among respondents, the results were reversed. Among nonrespondents, better income was associated with unfavorable health. Poor health was generally more common among nonrespondents than respondents in several subgroups.

Conclusion: Differences in response rates were found in sociodemographic factors,

health, and socioeconomic position. Favorable health was generally more frequent among respondents than nonrespondents. In particular, health inequalities

by gender and income differed between respondents and nonrespondents. Thus, nonresponse may lead to bias in analyses of health inequalities among aging people. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Objective To estimate the impact family factors shared by siblings has on the association between length of education and cause-specific mortality buy PX-478 in adulthood.

Methods The study population (n = 871 367) was all Norwegians born 1940-59 having one or more sibling within the cohort and alive in 1990. Length of education was obtained in 1990. Follow-up of deaths was from 1991 to 2008 when participants were aged 32-68 years.

Results Sixty-five per cent of participants had one or more siblings who had completed a different number of years of formal education. A one-category difference in education was associated with a 30% increase in the hazard rate of death by all causes among men in the cohort analysis and 23% in within siblings analysis, and in women, increases were 22% and 14%, respectively. For cardiovascular disease, increases were 36% and 25% in men and 51% and 36% in women. For lung cancer, they were 48% and 29% in men and 53% and 22% in women. External causes and alcohol-related causes in men were generally similar in both analyses.