Each sample was injected into the GC-MS immediately after derivatization. The recovery was calculated by comparing the GC-peak area of each metabolite derivative when analyzed in a standard mixture alone or spiked on spent microbial http://www.selleckchem.com/products/CHIR-258.html culture medium. The contribution by metabolites genuinely present

in the spent culture medium was subtracted from the final results. Derivatization of biological samples To evaluate the performance of each derivatization technique on real biological samples we derivatized spent Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical culture medium samples (n = 9) of five different strains of Acidovorax temperans using both derivatization techniques. The methods were compared based on the number of metabolites detected and identified as well as on their ability to discriminate the different A. temperans strains. GeneSpring MS 1.2 software (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara CA, USA) was used for data mining Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and multivariate data analysis. Results Repeatability of GC-MS analysis As a baseline for comparing the two derivatization techniques, we first determined the repeatability of our measurements with our GC-MS equipment, including factors such as variation in injection volumes, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical performance, etc. Samples containing a mixture of compounds that produce stable derivatives

by both silylation and alkylation were derivatized and injected six times into the GC-MS. Table 2 presents the variability observed between the six analyses. Excellent performance of the instrument was clearly demonstrated for both silylated and alkylated derivatives with relative variability below 10% (except for cysteine 50 pmol, MCF, 11.5%). Table 2. Repeatability Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical (RSD) of the GC-MS

instrument for some stable metabolite derivatives. Stability of different derivatives The stability of metabolite derivatives is an important parameter for derivatized samples that may have to wait hours in a queue before injection. Figure 3 presents the variability of metabolite level data within 72 hours for both derivatization techniques tested. Except the amino acid alanine, all silylated derivatives presented a pronounced variability within 72 hours Batimastat compared to alkylated compounds (Figure 3A). For all compounds the yield of the derivative increased (Figure 4) indicating the silylation reaction was not driven to completion. With only one exception in the lower concentration mixture, all MCF derivatives were found to be remarkably stable over 72 hours (3 days) at room temperature (RSD < 10%) (Figure 3B). The internal standard in the samples was an isotope-labeled alanine, and evidently this could correct for the variation of silylated alanine levels. However, other silylated derivatives showed variable degrees of instability.

For instance, research at a large health selleck catalog maintenance organization has shown that a middle-aged adult with minimal medical illness has a mean of about 1500 annual health care costs, a middle-aged depressed patient with minimal medical illness has a mean of approximately 3000 annual health care costs, a middleaged adult with diabetes has about 6000 in mean annual health care costs, and a middle-aged adult with comorbid depression and diabetes has about 9000 in annual health care costs.45,47 The

Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical increase in total medical costs is not explained by an increase in mental health utilization, which has been found to explain only about 10% of the increase in medical costs.43,44,47 Multiple studies have shown that depression is associated with increased costs in every cost component that is measured including primary care, pharmacy, medical specialty, emergency or urgent care, laboratory, inpatient medical, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical inpatient psychiatric, and outpatient mental health. Two studies that evaluated the cost-effectiveness Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical of collaborative depression care interventions in patients with comorbid major depression and/or dysthymia and diabetes have shown that the Paclitaxel cost intervention was not only associated with improved quality of depression care and depression outcomes, but that the increased

mental health costs associated with the interventions were offset by greater savings Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical in medical costs, especially at year 2.48,49 A recent study extended the follow-up of patients in one of these intervention studies

of patients with depression and diabetes for 5 years.50 The same savings in total medical costs that were found in intervention versus usual care patients over the first 2 years continued during years 3 to 5.50 When compared with usual care, the collaborative care intervention was associated with trends for a decrease Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical in every cost component (ie, primary care, medical specialty, pharmacy, laboratory, and inpatient costs).48-50 Thus, effective depression treatment is associated with decreases in many different types of health care costs. Brefeldin_A Medical symptom perception Patients with depression have been found to have twoto threefold more medical symptoms on a medical review of symptoms compared with controls without depression, after controlling for sociodemographic factors and severity of medical illness.51 Table I shows the results of a study by Kroenke and colleagues in which 1000 primary care patients filled out the Patient Health Questionnaire depression and anxiety scales (generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder) and a 15-item somatic symptom scale before they saw their primary care physician.52 Primary care physicians were then asked to rate the patient’s somatic symptoms as potentially due to a physical illness or unexplained (the authors describe these latter symptoms as somatoform).

001). Some of the earlier studies also reported

positive effects on suicidal ideation, and selleck chem Palbociclib Larkin and Beautrais recorded suicidal ideation completely resolved in all participants (n = 14) within 240 minutes of infusion [Larkin and Beautrais, 2011], from a baseline mean MADRS-SI of 3.9 (SEM = 0.4) to a mean of 0.6 (0.1), maintained at day 10 (0.7 (0.2)). Interestingly, the work by Murrough and colleagues demonstrated that even non-responders to the anti-depressant effects showed statistically significant improvements in suicidal ideation [Murrough et al. 2013]. Most of these trials were designed with only brief follow up of participants, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical particularly in the single-dose studies. Salvadore and colleagues noted that improvements in MADRS scores remained significant (p = 0.01) at 24 hours [Salvadore et al. 2012], whilst Larkin Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and Beautrais record

that clinical gains were maintained for the 13 participants who completed the study to the end-point at day 10 (mean MADRS 9.2 (SEM = 1.7)) [Larkin and Beautrais, 2011]. The two multiple-dosing trials had longer follow ups recorded. Relapse occurred on average 19 (SD 13) days following final infusion, though one participant remained asymptomatic for three months, in Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical the work of aan hen Rot and colleagues [aan hen Rot et al. 2010]; whilst in the study by Murrough and Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical colleagues the median time to relapse was 18 days (interquartile

range 11–27 days) after the final infusion [Murrough et al. 2013]. Overall ketamine sellckchem appeared well tolerated though there were frequent reports of mild psychotomimetic symptoms, as measured with the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) or Clinician Administered Dissociative States Scale (CADSS), primarily an unpleasant dissociative effect, typically occurring and resolving within an hour of administration. Fitting Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical with its known anaesthetic profile transient hypertension and tachycardia were also recorded. In the studies that so-reported, no difference in side-effect profile was noted between depression/suicidal-ideation responders and nonresponders. Brefeldin_A Studies with a control group Five studies compared the effect of ketamine (0.5 mg/kg) with a placebo saline infusion treatment: their characteristics are detailed in Table 1 and results are given in Table 2. Two trials studied patients with MDD [Valentine et al. 2011; Zarate et al. 2006]; one trial used a sample of both bipolar depression BPAD and MDD patients [Berman et al. 2000]; and two trials evaluated the effects on patients with bipolar depression [DiazGranados et al. 2010b; Zarate et al. 2012], in all cases having diagnoses made via DSM criteria. All studies utilized a cross-over design, with participants each receiving both the active and placebo treatments in a randomized and double-blinded treatment order.

Feasibility and safety of the i-Coapsys has been demonstrated in preclinical animal setting,43 and human initial experience has also been reported (Pedersen W. Failure Analysis for Percutaneous MV Repair Devices, TCT Meeting, San Francisco 2009). The Mardil BACE (Basal Annuloplasty of the Cardia Externally; Mardil, Inc., Morrisville, NC) is a wide band with an inflatable chamber that is slipped externally around the base of the beating heart without cardiopulmonary bypass. The chamber can be inflated by saline through subcutaneous Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical ports, and their volume can be adjusted intra- and postoperatively,

thus remodeling the mitral valve annulus and sub-valvular apparatus. The surgical device seems effective in functional MR reduction,44 and a percutaneous development

has been announced. Direct Annuloplasty The implantation of devices Axitinib VEGFR1 directly into the mitral annulus more closely reproduces surgical annuloplasty. Only the posterior annulus Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical is usually targeted, since the anterior annulus remains a more challenging structure due to the close vicinity of the aortic valve. Annular calcification, circumflex artery, and the potential for leaflet damage remain of concern for direct annuloplasty approach. The Accucinch System (Guided Delivery System, Santa Clara, USA) is designed Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical to implant a series of anchor elements under the posterior mitral annulus, in the sub-valvular space,

from trigone to trigone. All anchors are connected by a cable that is used to cinch the annulus and the basal portion of the left ventricle. The Accucinch is delivered through a retrograde transfemoral route. The feasibility and the Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical safety of the device have been shown in 10 patients, with no conversion to surgery and no 30-day major events; however, mitral regurgitation reduction was inconsistent, most probably due Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical to the challenge of implanting the anchors from trigone to trigone and close enough to the annulus (Kleber F. GDS Accucinch Program inhibitor Ceritinib Update, TCT Meeting, Miami 2012). The Mitralign device (Mitralign, Tewksbury, GSK-3 USA) also uses a transfemoral retrograde approach to deliver pairs of pledgets connected with a suture. Each pledget pair can be cinched to achieve selective plications of the annulus. More than two pairs of pledgets can be implanted along the posterior annulus. A prospective, single arm feasibility and safety study is on-going to obtain CE mark. Available data reported that 36 patients have been enrolled, and 24 treated; 5 of them have reached 1 year follow-up. Although final results are not yet available, in the first 15 patients no procedural death and one pericardial tamponade occurred. After 1 year an average reduction of one grade of MR was observed along with minimal reduction in LV dimensions (Grube E.

2011). Reasons for this discrepancy could be attributed to differences in study designs; for example, while most studies have employed measures of depressive symptomatology or negative affect as the output variable, clinical diagnosis of depression has rarely been evaluated. However, it is worth noting that the Val allele was the risk marker associated to depressive symptoms and/or anxiety-related traits in some of these reports (Sen et al. 2003; Lang et al. 2005; Duncan Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical et al. 2009). Other potential confounder might be the human developmental stage investigated in the present study, as we focused particularly in

adverse experiences in childhood on psychiatric disorders in adolescence. Finally, divergent Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical outcomes have been reported that might be contingent of the specific variables analyzed, including: the type and/or time of stressor (maltreatment vs. threatening events; early vs. late adversities);

the clinical manifestation of depression (single http://www.selleckchem.com/products/mek162.html episode vs. recurring or chronic course); or the brain areas studied (hippocampus vs. amygdala vs. ventral tegmental area). Some selected work can illustrate this point. The first example was provided by Krishnan et al. (2007), who showed a striking behavioral difference in genetically engineered mice bearing the human Met/Met genotype. These animals (as opposed to the homozygous Val/Val mice) were unsusceptible Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical to an otherwise important reduction in social interaction after being exposed to a social defeat paradigm. Moreover, the behavioral resilience was also

related to an important reduction in the BDNF protein levels in the nucleus accumbens. A second example is provided by Casey et al. (2010), who reported differential effects of the BDNF allelic variation on the brain morphometry of children exposed to an early Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical selleck chem Regorafenib postnatal Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical adversity condition. Thus, while some studies show a reduction in the hippocampal volume of healthy adult carriers of the Met allele in relation to Val/Val subjects (Pezawas et al. 2004; Szeszko et al. 2005; Bueller et al. 2006); these researchers showed that relative to controls, the volume of this limbic structure was diminished in Val homozygous children that were institutionalized in orphanages within their first year of life; whereas the Met carriers displayed an increased amygdala volume following this social deprivation. These and other observations underscore the necessity of abandon simple-minded notions of “good versus bad” Drug_discovery alleles and rely on a comprehensive analysis of the numerous variables involved in a particular phenotypic outcome for the proper identification of the neurobiological and/or behavioral effects of a specific BDNF Val66Met allele/genotype. Notwithstanding our results should be evaluated in the context of several limitations. (1) The diagnosis was based on a composite international interview that has been reported to have an adequate concordance with the clinical assessment; however, these results must be replicated in clinical samples.

Young animals may show an innate fear reaction to sudden noise or disturbances in the environment, but rapidly become habituated to them. When they are used to

a familiar environment, then a fear of novelty may develop. Ethologists have also made the important observation that fear is often mixed up with other aspects of motivation. Thus, conflict between fear and approach behavior may results in displacement activities (eg, self-grooming in rats). Such displacement activities may be the behavioral expression of an anxious state, but anxiety Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical is a concept that is apparently not used by ethologists, perhaps because their definition of fear does in fact include all the more biological aspects of anxiety. Many authors, however, have argued that differences in their etiologies, response patterns, time courses, and intensities seem to justify a clear distinction between anxiety and fear.15 Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Although both are alerting signals, they appear to prepare the body for different twice actions. Anxiety is a generalized response to an unknown threat or internal conflict, whereas fear is focused on known external danger.15 It has been suggested that “[...] anxiety can only be understood by taking into account some of its cognitive

aspects, particularly because a basic aspect of anxiety appears to be uncertainty. Also, it is reasonable to conclude that anxiety can be distinguished Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical from fear in that the object of fear is ‘real’ or ‘external’ or ‘known’ or ‘objective.’ The origins of anxiety are unclear or uncertain [...].”3 Other authors Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical pointed out that “[...] situations lacking in clear indications of situational contingencies or likely outcomes are associated with Cabozantinib prostate considerable stress. The uncertainty regarding these situations highlights a lack of control that contributes

to feelings of anxiety and makes coping more difficult.”15 Barlow has described anxiety as “[...] a unique and coherent cognitive-affective structure within our defensive and motivational system [...]. At the heart of this structure is a sense of uncontrollability Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical focused largely on possible future threats, danger, or other upcoming potentially negative events, in contrast to fear, where the danger is present and imminent.”16 Anacetrapib The fact that anxiety and fear are probably distinct emotional states docs not exclude some overlap in underlying brain and behavioral mechanisms. In fact, anxiety may just be a more elaborate form of fear, which provides the individual with an increased capacity to adapt and plan for the future.16 If this is the case, we can expect that part of the fear-mediating mechanisms elaborated during evolution to protect the individual from an immediate danger have been somehow “recycled” to develop the sophisticated systems required to protect us from more distant or virtual threats.

4 more hours in the ED than patients who had never been depressed (p= .04). Patients who had been depressed in the past were not significantly different than those who had never been depressed (1.34 hours longer for past depression, p= .46). While not statistically significant, participants who presented between midnight and 8am spent 3.03 hours longer in the ED (p= .09) than those who presented from 8am-4pm. We conducted a sensitivity analysis Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical with a log-transformed ED LOS variable,

and the results were nearly identical. Table 2 Results of a multiple linear regression model predicting ED LOS from patient demographic and clinical variables, time of ED presentation, and depression status Though we adjusted for NSTEMI versus UA in the multiple regression models, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical we also tested whether ED LOS was longer for UA patients than for NSTEMI patients. ED LOS did not differ between the two, UA= 11.0 hours vs. NSTEMI= 12.7; t = 1.2, 95% CI for difference=

−1.0, 4.6. Further, in a sensitivity analysis, we estimated Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical the same model in 26 STEMI patients from the same cohort. As expected given the defined clinical pathway for STEMI, there was no differential LOS associated with any predictor, including depression [11]. selleck Temsirolimus Discussion Measures of ED crowding and depression symptoms have both been associated with poor clinical outcomes in cardiac patients [6,18]. While a thing number of measures of ED crowding assessed at the hospital level, including waiting room census and high-volume Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical hours, were associated with more adverse events in a large sample of chest pain patients, trailing mean ED LOS was not associated with adverse events [6]. Research on whether individual-level ED LOS is associated with poor outcomes in ACS patients is needed. Depression has consistently been associated with adverse outcomes in large prospective cohorts of ACS patients, though a number of candidate mechanisms for this Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical association are still under investigation

[1,19]. In this study, we found that clinically depressed Cilengitide ACS patients spent more than 5 hours longer in the ED than patients who had never been depressed. We also found that, as expected, presentation to the ED during the off-peak hours of midnight to 8 am was associated with longer ED LOS. Interestingly, we did not find significant associations between other demographic variables that might be expected to influence ED LOS, such as race, ethnicity, or neighborhood income (a proxy for socioeconomic status), nor did those variables account for the association between depression and ED LOS. There was also no difference in ED LOS between NSTEMI and UA patients, and no association between ED LOS and GRACE score. While not statistically significant, the data suggest a possible “dose–response” trend between depression and ED LOS.

MRS studies using animal models of human diseases facilitate biomarker identification and drug development because they allow delineation of the pathological correlates of biomarkers and screening of potential drugs in preclinical trials. As such, these animal studies enhance human applications of MRS, however, the interpretation and translation of animal data to human applications need additional considerations. First, the regional differences

and developmental changes in metabolite levels120 need to be taken into account when designing studies. Of note, the neurochemical profile of the rodent and human brain is very similar, with only few differences, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical such as very high taurine selleck compound levels in the rodent brain (Figure 4). Second,

potential effects of anesthesia, which is necessary for animal scanning, need to be considered. General anesthesia was not found to affect steady-state levels of MRS detectable metabolites in Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical the brain, except for glucose and lactate.121,122 Figure 4. Neurochemical profiles of human and mouse cerebellum. Concentrations ± SD (µmol/g) obtained from the cerebellum of 16 healthy volunteers (35±15 years old) and 6 mice (C57BL/6, 6-8 weeks old) at 4T and 9.4T, respectively. The concentrations Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical … Diagnosis MRS can be utilized in preclinical and eventually clinical applications to distinguish, for example, transgenic mouse models from selleck chemical wild-type (WT) animals or patients from healthy controls. For the successful translation of biomarker data from animal models to humans,123 not only does the model need to faithfully reproduce the Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical pathology and phenotype of the human disease, but the same biomarker alterations need to be observed in the mouse Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical model and in patients. This is a critical consideration. MRS studies with various AD mouse models demonstrate this issue well. For example, among the different AD models studied with 1H MRS, APP-PS1 mice match the neurochemical profile found in human AD best.103 These mice

display reductions in NAA and glutamate, as well as an increase in myo-inositol. The myoinositol difference in particular had not been detected in other AD models, but is a prominent neurochemical alteration detected in human AD.110 A more recent studydemonstrated these neurochemical profile changes at an even earlier age than the APP-PS1 mice in a different AD Anacetrapib mouse model.124 In MPTP-intoxicated mice, well-accepted model of the dopaminergic denervation in Parkinson’s disease (PD), high field MRS enabled detection of elevated glutamate, glutamine and GABA levels in the striatum.125 Of these alterations, the GABA difference was confirmed in human PD at ultra-high field.126 Longitudinal changes in neurochemical profiles were also reported in transgenic117 and knock-in118,127 mouse models of Huntington’s disease (HD).

Neurons derive their energy in the form of ATP from the oxidation of glucose. Initially glucose is oxidized to pyruvate in the cytosol through glycolysis. The pyruvate is transported into the mitochondrial matrix where it is converted to acetyl co-enzyme A (ACoA) by pyruvate dehydrogenase. AcoA enters the citric acid cycle, in which the acetyl group is oxidized

to carbon dioxide. In the citric acid cycle, NAD+ is reduced to NADH and FAD is reduced to FADH2. NADH and FADH2 are the substrates for oxidative phosphorylation Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical (Fig. 1). Oxidative phosphorylation is carried out by five multiprotein complexes. Complexes I–IV form an electron transport chain (ETC) where electrons are donated to oxygen at Complex IV. Protons are pumped from the matrix to the intermembrane space by Complex I, III, and IV. This movement of protons to the intermembrane space VX-770 generates an electrochemical

Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical gradient or proton motive force that is used by Complex V to drive the conversion of ADP to ATP. Three protons passing back from the intermembrane space to the matrix are necessary to convert one molecule of ADP to ATP (Mitchell 1961, 1966). Not all electrons entering the ETC are passed to Complex IV. Some electrons escape to oxygen Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical at Complexes I and III, giving rise to the formation of harmful reactive oxygen species (ROS) (Skulachev 1996, 1997, 1998; Korshunov et al. 1997). Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical ROS formation is particularly high when Complex I is inhibited (Votyakova and Reynolds 2001). Although cells have evolved ways of dealing with ROS once formed a means of preventing or minimizing ROS formation is energetically advantageous. Thus, a leak of protons back to the matrix, bypassing Complex V, results in a major reduction in ROS formation while having a minimal effect on ATP synthesis. A slight decrease in the potential difference across inner mitochondrial membrane has been shown to inhibit H2O2 formation by 70% (Hansford et al. 1997; Votyakova and Reynolds 2001; Echtay 2007) (Fig. 1). Figure 1 Oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondrial electron

transport chain Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical (ETC), and proton leak via uncoupling proteins (UCPs). UCP dissipates mitochondrial membrane potential by facilitating proton leak across the inner membrane, thereby minimizing superoxide … Therefore, it is not Carfilzomib surprising that primitive life forms evolved a protein that could bring about such a regulated leak, thereby uncoupling the electron transport and proton export aspects of the oxidative phosphorylation process from ATP synthesis. However, the ability of a protein to undertake uncoupling does not rule out the selleck products possibility that other tasks could be performed also, such as regulation of intracellular calcium or synaptic function (Jezek 2002; Andrews et al. 2005). UCPs 4 and 5 Human UCP4 was first identified as a novel member of the human UCP family (Mao et al. 1999). The gene encoding the protein is located on chromosome 6p11.2-q12.

Maimonides himself addresses these Jewish rules:13 We may not shave the corners of our heads as the idolaters and their priests do, as Leviticus [19:27] states: “Do not cut off the corners of your heads.” One may remove [the hairs from] the corners [of our heads] with scissors. The prohibition applies only to total removal with a razor. Did King David

have visible Pe-ot as we now know them? Did the rabbis of the Mishna? Did Maimonides? The evidence is wholly against it. Maimonides had most probably kept his side curls mildly trimmed by scissors http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Imatinib(STI571).html rather than fully shaved as depicted in the portrait. Full-grown Pe-ot originated only in the sixteenth century when it became socially Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical important for observant Jews effectively to distinguish Jews from non-Jews and, more importantly, Jews from other Jews who were thought to be too modern. Whoever drew the Maimonides portrait was not aware that completely shaven side curls and a trimmed beard are in fact characteristic of Islamic figures. Alternatively, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical the artist may have assumed that because of his high ranking

and frequent encounters with kings and ministers Maimonides must have worn clothes that resembled Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Islamic clothes as well as shaved and trimmed his facial hair like distinguished Islamic figures. Interestingly, Maimonides has indeed allowed this in rare circumstances like his:14 A Jew who has an important position in a gentile kingdom and must sit before their kings, and would be embarrassed if he did not resemble them, is granted permission to wear clothes which resemble theirs and shave the hair on his face as they do. The artist may have even deliberately drawn Maimonides to appear as a Muslim scholar in order to appeal Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical to non-Jewish audiences and emphasize the influence of Islamic culture, science, and medicine on Maimonides rather than Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical his Jewish origin and education. Key figures engaged in circulating the Maimonides portrait in Europe in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries were mostly leaders of the Jewish Enlightenment

movement (Haskalah in Hebrew). Haskalah advocated adopting enlightenment values, pressing for Brefeldin_A better selleck chemicals Belinostat integration into European society, and increasing education in secular studies, Hebrew language, and Jewish history. Haskalah in this sense marked the beginning of the wider engagement of European Jews with the secular world, ultimately resulting in the first Jewish political movements and the struggle for Jewish emancipation. Maimonides’ portrait lacking characteristic Jewish features was in line with their motto “Be a Jew at home, and a man in the street”. It is of interest to note that, unlike in the portrait, in the renowned statue in Cordoba (Figure 11) Maimonides does appear to have side curls. This may reflect the artist’s perception of prominent, especially religious, Jews.