e. [sR(fC) > cR(fC)], [sL(fC) > cL(fC)], [sL(fR) > cL(fR)] and [sR(fL) > cR(fL)]) showed

that the areas in this network were activated differently depending on the particular search condition. Figure 2E–H presents t-maps that are clipped at the threshold of P < 0.001, with a minimum of 40 neighbouring voxels. Enhanced activity was observed in early and later visual cortical regions contralateral to the VF, in which covert search was carried out, independent of eye orientation (Fig. 2E–H). Thus, left early and later visual cortical regions exhibited a larger BOLD response when the covert search was directed to the right VF, both when the subject looked straight ahead or to the Thiazovivin nmr left. The reverse pattern was observed Regorafenib supplier in the right early and later visual cortical regions, when eyes were kept straight ahead or right relative to the head. These results are in accordance with the known retinotopy in early and later visual areas, and demonstrate that attention enhanced visual responses in our paradigm. The quantitative assessement of the percentage signal change in early and later visual cortical regions mirrored the above-mentioned results.

In both hemispheres our statistical assessment (anovas with subsequent post hoc comparisons by t-tests) revealed significantly higher attentional modulation for covert search directed to the contralateral VF (Fig. 3A and B; Table 2). Next we focused on areas in higher stages of the visual hierarchy for which we wanted to identify the FOR in which BOLD responses are modulated by covert search. The group-based random-effect contrast analysis of the specific search conditions with its respective control for the conditions, in which the eyes are oriented straight ahead (i.e. [sR(fC) > cR(fC)], [sL(fC) > cL(fC)]), revealed that the left IPS region was most strongly activated, when covert search was carried out in the right VF (Fig. 2E and F). However, this strong bias for the contralateral VF was not observed Oxaprozin in the right IPS. This pattern is in accordance with Heilman’s ‘Hemispatial’ theory (Heilman & Van Den Abell, 1980), which

proposes that the RH directs attention to both VFs, whereas the LH directs attention to the right VF only (Fig. 2A and B; only the IPS response according to this model is depicted for simplicity). Next we asked to which FOR the contralaterality bias of the left IPS is anchored to. The remaining two conditions in which eye gaze was directed to the right and to the left, respectively, with respect to the head could disentangle eye-centred from non-eye-centred coding. The above-mentioned Heilman ‘Hemispatial’ theory makes different predictions for the left IPS in the two remaining search conditions, depending on whether the contralaterality bias is anchored in eye- or non-eye-centred FOR. These predictions are shown in Fig. 2C and D. The actual group results for these two conditions (Fig.

“
“The aim of this systematic review was to assess the published evidence about the feasibility and acceptability of community pharmacy-based screening for major diseases. Studies published between January 1990 and August 2012 involving community pharmacy-based screening interventions, published in the English language, were identified from electronic databases. Reference lists of

included studies were also searched. Fifty studies (one randomised controlled trial, two cluster randomised studies, five non-randomised comparative studies and 42 uncontrolled studies) were included. The quality of most of these was assessed as poor. Screening was mostly opportunistic and screening tools included questionnaires or risk assessment forms, medical equipment to make physiological measurements, or a combination of both. Few

studies assessed the accuracy of pharmacy-based screening tools. More than half of the screening interventions included Selleckchem Tacrolimus an element of patient education. The proportion of screened individuals, identified with disease risk factors or the disease itself, ranged from 4% to 89%. Only 10 studies reported any economic information. Where assessed, patient satisfaction with pharmacy-based screening was high, but individuals who screened positive often did not follow pharmacist advice to seek INNO-406 supplier further medical help. Available evidence suggests that screening for some diseases in community pharmacies is feasible. More studies are needed to compare effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of pharmacy-based screening with screening by other

providers. Strategies to improve screening participants’ Pregnenolone adherence to pharmacist advice also need to be explored. This systematic review will help to inform future studies wishing to develop community pharmacy-based screening interventions. Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the main causes of death in the world accounting for 36 million (63%) deaths in 2008.[1] It has been projected that NCD deaths will increase by 15% between 2010 and 2020.[1] Non-communicable diseases represent a relatively small number of health conditions, many of which are preventable. The World Health Organization (WHO) has termed the groups of NCDs that produce the highest disability adjusted life years (DALYs), ‘major diseases’.[2] They include cardiovascular diseases, neuropsychiatric conditions, cancer (malignant neoplasm), digestive diseases, respiratory diseases, sensory organ disorders, musculoskeletal diseases, diabetes mellitus and oral conditions. NCDs are often chronic in nature and their management, therefore, requires significant personal and societal resources. Strategies to address the high prevalence and mortality of NCDs include risk factor reduction, diagnosing the disease at an earlier stage and timely treatment.[1] It is widely accepted that delayed diagnosis of most diseases can lead to poorer outcomes.

The 4-year stratification

was selected a priori based on the fact that the epidemic in IDUs began in 1998. The analysis was repeated using the year 1997 as an alternative cut-off in order to analyse the possible effect of cART. The interval 1998–2001 was defined as the first stage of the sub-epidemic among IDUs, whereas the interval 1985–1989 was defined as the first stage of the sub-epidemic among MSM and heterosexual cases. The other periods were defined as later stages of the epidemic. SPSS 15.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used for statistical analysis. Chi-square tests, t-tests and Mann–Whitney tests were used to test for differences between the groups. Multivariate logistic regression analysis using backward and forward selection procedures served to identify factors independently associated with late HIV diagnosis and delayed entry to care. Variables

found to be significant Belnacasan (P<0.2) in univariate analysis were included in the models. Out of all 934 cases, the reported transmission risk was IDU in 26%, heterosexual transmission in 31% and MSM in 42%. The transmission risk was other or unknown for 11 cases. The characteristics of the study population divided into 4-year calendar periods of HIV diagnosis are shown in Table 1. The study population selleck products represents 77% of IDU, 66% of MSM and 42% of heterosexually transmitted HIV cases reported to the NIDR surveillance system nationwide between 1985 and 2005 (n=1597). The annual number of newly diagnosed HIV cases in the study population follows the same trends as those for the whole country (Fig. Florfenicol 1). Out

of 934 patients, 62% had their CD4 cell count measured on the day of the first clinic visit or within 90 days after the visit. Thirty-eight per cent had their CD4 cell count measured prior to the clinic visit. The median CD4 count was 419 cells/μL. Of all cases, 21% presented with a CD4 count ≤200 cells/μL, 6% with CD4 <50 cells/μL and 9% presented with an AIDS-defining illness. Altogether, 23% were classified as diagnosed late (CD4 <200 cells/μL, or AIDS within 3 months of HIV diagnosis). Within the first year after HIV diagnosis, 11% had been diagnosed with AIDS. Late diagnosed cases by calendar year of diagnosis and HIV transmission risk are presented in Fig. 1. The proportions of individuals diagnosed late, and predictors of late diagnosis in the multivariate model are presented in Table 2. In the multivariate analyses, individuals diagnosed late were more often older, non-Finnish and less likely to have been tested previously. Compared with female IDUs, male IDUs, male heterosexuals and MSM were at risk of a late diagnosis. Cases diagnosed late were more often diagnosed in primary health care, secondary health care or at an unknown site compared with STD clinics, and in more recent calendar periods. Late diagnosis was rare before 1990 and between 1998 and 2001.

In multivariate regression analysis, treatment arm, baseline total body mass, CDC disease category, plasma HIV-1 RNA and HOMA index at baseline were independent significant predictors for change in body mass over 48 weeks. Patients in the ATV/r arm had a 2102 g [95% confidence interval (CI)

644, 3560 g; P=0.006] greater increase in total body mass compared with those on SQV/r. For the change in limb fat, treatment arm, baseline limb fat, age, CDC category, plasma HIV-1 RNA, LDL cholesterol and HOMA index were independent predictors. Patients in the ATV/r arm had a 614 g (95% CI 173, 1055 g; P=0.008) greater increase in limb fat compared with patients on SQV/r. Independent predictors for the change in SAT over 48 weeks were treatment arm, baseline SAT, age, ethnicity and CDC category. The increase in SAT was higher in the ATV/r arm (difference between arms 14 cm2; 95% CI 0.3, 28 cm2; P=0.048). The check details Framingham risk score could be calculated in 83 patients (SQV/r arm, n=40; ATV/r arm, n=43). The score was comparable between treatment arms at baseline [SQV/r arm, mean 3.6%, standard

deviation (SD) 3.5%; ATV/r arm, mean 3.5%, SD 5.6%], and remained stable after 48 weeks (data not shown). Plasma creatinine increased significantly (P<0.001) in both arms (SQV/r arm, +9 ± 1 μmol/L; Venetoclax cell line ATV/r arm, +6 ± 1 μmol/L) with no significant difference between arms (P=0.154). In the ITT analysis, eGFR Florfenicol calculated using C&G, MDRD-4, MDRD-6 and CKD-EPI decreased significantly in the SQV/r arm. eGFR calculated using C&G and MDRD-6 remained stable in the ATV/r arm, but eGFR calculated using CKD-EPI and MDRD-4 decreased significantly. In contrast, eGFR calculated using cystatin C improved significantly in both arms. The difference in the change in eGFR between the arms was only significant using C&G (SQV/r vs. ATV/r, –9 ± 3 mL/min/1.73 m2 with a smaller change in the ATV/r arm; P=0.009). In the OT analysis, the same trend in the change in eGFR was observed in both arms, but none of these differences remained significant between the arms (Fig. 3). In the multivariate analysis, baseline eGFR calculated using C&G and

plasma HIV-1 RNA were independent significant predictors for the change in eGFR. Treatment arm was no longer a significant predictor of the change in eGFR. Minor nonsignificant decreases in plasma phosphate over 48 weeks were seen in both arms (SQV/r arm, −0.03 ± 0.04 mmol/L; ATV/r arm, –0.07 ± 0.04 mmol/L) with no significant difference between the arms (P=0.458). Severe hypophosphataemia [AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG) grade 3/4] was observed in five patients (SQV/r arm, n=2; ATV/r arm, n=3). Glucosuria with normoglycaemia occurred in one patient (ATV/r) during follow-up. Fanconi’s syndrome was not observed. The mean (SD) CD4 count increase over 48 weeks was+190 (111) and+161 (124) cells/μL in the SQV/r and ATV/r arms, respectively (ITT).

Social Work Education: The International Journal 2012; 31: 75–89 Hejera Balouch, Anne Noott Selleckchem Autophagy inhibitor University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, West Midlands, UK The study explored whether there was a link between community pharmacists’

views on opiate substitution treatment and successful engagement by service users with their treatment. Service users expressed overall satisfaction with the services they received from their current community pharmacist, particularly regarding support, privacy and respect. Community pharmacists empathised with service users and felt they had a good rapport, but retained doubts about long term treatment outcomes. During the study period all service users remained in treatment and expressed the intention to continue in the longer term. Attitudes of community pharmacists towards substance misusers are known to vary widely1.Previous studies have demonstrated that better therapeutic relationships between substance misuse service users and treatment providers result in lower levels of during-treatment drug use and consequently longer retention in treatment2. This study aims to investigate this with respect to community pharmacists providing substitute

opiate treatment. see more Ethics approval was gained from both the University’s Biomedical Sciences Research Ethics Committee, and the ethics committee of the substance misuse centre involved in the study. All substance misusers commencing treatment were invited to take part in the study. Those who consented were interviewed several weeks after entering treatment by peer mentors (ex-substance misusers volunteering at the treatment centre)

to elicit their views on the community pharmacist from whom they obtained their substitution therapy. The corresponding community pharmacists were interviewed by one of the investigators to determine their views on providing opiate substitution therapy. Community pharmacists were unaware of the identity of the service user and of the service user’s views. All interviews were semi-structured, and were recorded on a portable recording device. The views of Metformin in vitro each service user and the corresponding community pharmacist were analysed separately using thematic analysis and later matched up for comparison. Six pairs of service users and pharmacists were recruited. Common themes amongst service users included interaction and engagement (subthemes: the value of social interaction and the opportunity to receive unbiased advice), stigma (subthemes: prejudice, discrimination, privacy, respect and empathy) and treatment success (including their pharmacist’s role in maintaining motivation).

Also, the overall cost of surgical care is higher. The influence of lymphadenectomy on long-term QOL is less clear. For the above reasons, it is important to limit the performance and the extent of lymphadenectomy to patients who may potentially benefit from it. Although lymphadenectomy is aimed at documenting the presence of lymphatic metastases, there is still no consensus about the best adjuvant approach Proteasome cleavage in EC patients with positive lymph nodes. The Gynecologic

Oncology Group 122 trial[50] suggested that chemotherapy (doxorubicin and cisplatin) provides better survival than radiotherapy (whole abdominal irradiation) in stage III or IV and with 2 cm or less of residual disease. However, chemotherapy decreased the distant recurrence rate (from 19% to 10%) at the cost of a higher pelvic recurrence Enzalutamide molecular weight rate (from 13% to 18%). Interestingly, the authors reported that chemotherapy was not significantly better than abdominal radiation in patients with non-endometrioid tumors.[50] Similarly, the results of two randomized

studies (NGSO/ERTC and MaNGO ILIADE-III), including high-risk EC patients (stage I to III), indicated that the addition of adjuvant chemotherapy to radiation improved disease-free survival overall, especially in the subgroup with grade 1 and 2 endometrioid EC. Chemotherapy was less likely to be beneficial in patients with endometrioid grade 3 and type 2 EC.[51] In agreement with the above results, we recently demonstrated that chemotherapy did not significantly impact prognosis in stage III patients with high-risk histology (endometrioid grade 3 and type 2 EC).[18] Although in our study radiotherapy

(with or without chemotherapy) independently influenced survival in patients PFKL with stage III poorly differentiated cancer, the treatment failure rates remained extremely high, with a 67% recurrence rate at 3 years in patients with stage III and lymphovascular invasion.[18] Similarly, Sutton et al.,[52] in another Gynecologic Oncology Group study, reported that patients with stage III and IV high-risk histology (serous and clear cell) experienced 3-year recurrence-free and overall survival of 27% and 35%, respectively, when treated with whole abdominal radiotherapy. Owing to the fact that radiotherapy seems to provide adequate locoregional protection of the targeted tissues but not systemic control, several authors suggested that combining radiotherapy and chemotherapy may guarantee better locoregional and systemic protection.[53, 54] Secord et al.,[55] in a multi-institutional series of 265 stage IIIC EC (type 1 and type 2), reported that patients undergoing chemotherapy alone had a 2.2- and 4.0-fold increased risk of recurrence and death than patients who had chemotherapy plus radiotherapy. In contrast, there was no difference in survival between patients undergoing radiotherapy alone versus chemotherapy plus radiotherapy.

Starting ART early in severely immunosuppressed HIV-positive patients presenting with TB is associated with decreased LGK-974 datasheet mortality and a lowering of the rates of disease progression but rates of IRD are high. Patients with HIV and a CD4 cell count >350 cells/μL have a low risk of HIV disease progression or death during the subsequent 6 months of TB treatment, depending on age and VL [6]. They should have their CD4 cell count monitored regularly and ART can be

withheld during the short-course of TB treatment. One study performed in HIV-associated TB meningitis in the developing world, where 90% of the patients were male, the majority drug users, many with advanced disease and the Ibrutinib manufacturer diagnosis being made clinically, showed no difference in mortality starting ART early or late [7]. We recommend EFV in combination with TDF and FTC as first-line ART in TB/HIV coinfection 1B We recommend that when rifampicin is used with EFV in patients over 60 kg, the EFV dose is increased to 800 mg daily. Standard doses of EFV are recommended if the patient weighs <60 kg 1C We recommend that rifampicin is not used with either NVP or PI/r 1C We recommend that where effective ART necessitates the use

of PI/r, that rifabutin is used instead of rifampicin 1C Proportion of patients with active TB on anti-TB therapy started on ART containing EFV, TDF and FTC. HIV-related TB should be treated with a regimen, including rifamycin for the full course of TB treatment, unless there is rifamycin resistance or intolerance. Rifamycins frequently interact with ARV medications and can lead to similar toxicities, notably rash and hepatitis. We recommend EFV as the preferred therapy for ART Glutathione peroxidase because of its confirmed potency when used in TB/HIV coinfection [8-10], and its efficacy in RCT. We recommend that EFV be given with TDF and FTC due to the availability

of a once-daily co-formulation, a reduced risk of rash compared with NVP and improved efficacy at higher HIV VLs (commonly occurring in this setting). ABC-3TC is an alternative acceptable NRTI backbone in patients with lower HIV VLs and that are HLA-B*57:01 negative (see Section 5.3 Which NRTI backbone). There is significant variability in the effect that rifampicin has on EFV concentrations because of liver enzyme induction, especially of CYP450 3A4 [8,11–13]. Subtherapeutic EFV concentrations may occur among patients who weigh more than 60 kg who are taking standard dose EFV together with rifampicin, and increasing the dose of EFV from 600 mg daily to 800 mg daily may be necessary; however, there is a risk of increasing adverse effects.

Starting ART early in severely immunosuppressed HIV-positive patients presenting with TB is associated with decreased I-BET-762 supplier mortality and a lowering of the rates of disease progression but rates of IRD are high. Patients with HIV and a CD4 cell count >350 cells/μL have a low risk of HIV disease progression or death during the subsequent 6 months of TB treatment, depending on age and VL [6]. They should have their CD4 cell count monitored regularly and ART can be

withheld during the short-course of TB treatment. One study performed in HIV-associated TB meningitis in the developing world, where 90% of the patients were male, the majority drug users, many with advanced disease and the www.selleckchem.com/products/Adrucil(Fluorouracil).html diagnosis being made clinically, showed no difference in mortality starting ART early or late [7]. We recommend EFV in combination with TDF and FTC as first-line ART in TB/HIV coinfection 1B We recommend that when rifampicin is used with EFV in patients over 60 kg, the EFV dose is increased to 800 mg daily. Standard doses of EFV are recommended if the patient weighs <60 kg 1C We recommend that rifampicin is not used with either NVP or PI/r 1C We recommend that where effective ART necessitates the use

of PI/r, that rifabutin is used instead of rifampicin 1C Proportion of patients with active TB on anti-TB therapy started on ART containing EFV, TDF and FTC. HIV-related TB should be treated with a regimen, including rifamycin for the full course of TB treatment, unless there is rifamycin resistance or intolerance. Rifamycins frequently interact with ARV medications and can lead to similar toxicities, notably rash and hepatitis. We recommend EFV as the preferred therapy for ART Exoribonuclease because of its confirmed potency when used in TB/HIV coinfection [8-10], and its efficacy in RCT. We recommend that EFV be given with TDF and FTC due to the availability

of a once-daily co-formulation, a reduced risk of rash compared with NVP and improved efficacy at higher HIV VLs (commonly occurring in this setting). ABC-3TC is an alternative acceptable NRTI backbone in patients with lower HIV VLs and that are HLA-B*57:01 negative (see Section 5.3 Which NRTI backbone). There is significant variability in the effect that rifampicin has on EFV concentrations because of liver enzyme induction, especially of CYP450 3A4 [8,11–13]. Subtherapeutic EFV concentrations may occur among patients who weigh more than 60 kg who are taking standard dose EFV together with rifampicin, and increasing the dose of EFV from 600 mg daily to 800 mg daily may be necessary; however, there is a risk of increasing adverse effects.

A total of 3,420 subjects were recruited and 2,476 responded to all three questionnaires, thus the participation

rate was 72.4%. Those who had to be excluded reported mostly preexisting FGID or undiagnosed IBS (Q1), or they had changed their travel plans (Q2) (Figure 1). Questionnaires Q2 and Q3 were returned within a median of 10 days after the first reminder. Gender was homogeneously distributed C59 wnt manufacturer among the study population and the median age was 36 years (Table 1). The majority, 2,320 (95.0%) subjects originated from Europe, while 65 (2.7%), including 11 visiting friends or relatives (VFR), were from a resource-limited country. The educational level was high with 1,244 (51.3%) being university graduates. Popular tourist destinations were Southeast Asia, South Asia, and East Africa and the median duration of stay was 3 weeks (range 1–12). Overall, 181 (7.4%) subjects were newcomers who traveled to any resource-limited destination for the first time. Business travelers were predominantly male (p = 0.0087). Age did not correlate with the type of travel. Among the 550 (22.2%) subjects reporting confirmed allergies, hay fever (378, 69.0%) and allergic asthma (92, 16.9%) were reported most frequently. A total of 852 (34.4%) subjects suffered from

TD abroad, selleck chemicals but of those, only 33 (3.9%) belonged to the 921 subjects (921/1,470, 62.7%) who rated themselves as being intermediately to highly susceptible to diarrhea. The TD incidence rate was not influenced by gender, but it occurred significantly more often in subjects below 25 years of age (p = 0.0001). Females reported more pre-travel major adverse life events (p = 0.008). Among the 313 Q2 and Q3 nonresponders, all of whom had available diarrhea data, 18.4% (95% CI 14.8–21.1) had experienced TD and 14.5% (95% CI 11.6–17.3) pre-travel diarrhea. According to Q3 data, Selleckchem Pomalidomide 38 (1.5% of the study population) developed IBS, 26 (3.0% of the TD patients) of them were travel-related pIBS (Table 2). Considering the unselected IBS incidence rate of 0.7% attributable risk difference in TD incidence

was 2.3%. The overall IBS incidence rate for a 2-week stay was 1.0% (95% CI 0.6–1.4), and for the subgroup of travel-related pIBS 2.8% (95% CI 1.7–3.9). In the multiple logistic regression analysis, TD was the strongest independent risk factor for developing IBS, and also having experienced an adverse life event and a pre-travel diarrheal episode were relevant risk factors (Table 3). Compared with other diarrheal patients, IBS patients reported more frequently multiple TD episodes abroad as well as a more severe TD course, eg, dysenteric symptoms, than other diarrheal patients. Subjective susceptibility to diarrhea was higher among IBS patients (data not shown, p≤ 0.02). For unselected IBS, pre-travel diarrhea was the only significant risk factor in the multiple logistic regression analysis (OR 3.80; 95% CI 1.12–12.79).

The RNA was adjusted to a concentration of 140 ng μL−1. A total quantity of 280 ng RNA was then used for one-step reverse transcription using High Capacity RNA-to-cDNA Master Mix (Applied Biosystems). For quantitative real-time PCR, amplification was performed with Power SYBR Green Master Mix in a Step One Plus Thermal Cycler (Applied Biosystems). Forty cycles were run with denaturation at 95 °C for 15 s,

annealing at 55 °C for 30 s and extension at 60 °C for 45 s. rpsL was used as reference gene to normalize the relative amount of mRNA. The mRNA levels Trichostatin A of a specific gene were expressed by comparing with the expression of the reference gene on that strain and also in PAO1, and the expression levels were calculated on a standard curve (Oh et al., 2003). RT-PCR was carried out in triplicates. Primers used for RT-PCR investigations are described in Table S1. PAO1 and PAOMY-Mgm had similar growth rates in LB or in LB supplemented with 0.1 mg L−1 ciprofloxacin. Competition experiments were carried out in a Bioscreen (Labsystem C, Bie og Berntsen) with and without antibiotic. We attempted to start with a ratio 1 : 1 of PAO1 and PAOMY-Mgm in each well. The inoculums in the start of the experiment were 3.5 × 108 CFU mL−1 for PAO1 and 2.4 × 108 CFU mL−1 for PAOMY-Mgm. A total quantity of 140 µL of each strain culture was transferred in 2 × 10 wells in microtitre plate, the growth was carried out at 37 °C, continuously shaking, and OD600 nm

measurements were Selleck BMS-354825 performed every 30 min for 24 h. The experiment was carried out for 5 days (start day 0, end day 4), and in each day 1 : 1000 dilutions of the cultures were transferred to a new microtitre plate for exponential growth throughout Rucaparib datasheet the experiment. Each day, the culture was serially diluted and plated on LB agar and on LB agar supplemented with 30 mg L−1 gentamicin, a concentration which is inhibitory for PAO1, but not for the PAOMY-Mgm mutant. The CFU mL−1 of PAOMY-Mgm was calculated on gentamicin plates and the PAO1 and PAOMY-Mgm mixture on LB plates. The

CFU of PAO1 was calculated by subtracting the number of CFU mL−1 on gentamicin plates from the number of CFU mL−1 on LB plates. The ratio of PAO1 : PAOMY-Mgm, PAO1 : PAOMYgm and PAO1 : PAOMMgm was followed for 4 days. The efflux pumps transcriptional regulators nfxB, mexR, mexZ and mexT, and the ciprofloxacin target genes gyrA, gyrB, parC and parE, were sequenced in selected isolates from the antibiotic resistance development study and from the growth competition study. DNA was purified using Promega Wisart purification kit (Promega). Polymerase Dynazyme EXT (Finnzymes, Espoo, Finland) was used for PCR amplification. The sequencing was done on an automatic DNA sequencer ABI3700 (Macrogen Inc., Seoul, South Korea). The numbers of reads were between two and four for each gene of each strain. The sequence results were compared with the strain PAO1 sequence (www.pseudomonas.com) with dnasis® max version 2.