The results of this study suggest that it is important to standar

The results of this study suggest that it is important to standardise salivary nicotine and cotinine collection technique.”
“A kinetics model describing macroscopic behavior of martensitic variants rearrangement in ferromagnetic shape memory alloys is proposed. The model is based on a tensor description of thermodynamic continuum mechanics taking into account magnetomechanical coupling on the rearrangement process. A generalized thermodynamic driving force which rearranges the martensitic variants is derived. The thermodynamic evolution equations of the kinetics are obtained by means of the dissipation, which is induced by the twin boundary motion during rearrangement process,

FDA approved Drug Library cell line reaching a maximum. The ability of the model to characterize the macroscopic stress-strain behavior and magnetic

field-induced strain of a ferromagnetic shape memory alloy rod under both magnetic field and stress field is demonstrated. The application of the theoretical kinetics model shows the good agreement with experimental observation. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3517825]“
“5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA or mesalazine) is widely used for treatment of inflammatory bowel disease and considered to be cancer preventive. Still, the molecular mechanisms explaining its properties remain largely unknown, partially due to the lack of instrumentarium needed to identify its array of molecular targets. Modern OMICs-based technologies utilized in this study may serve as a powerful and unbiased selleck inhibitor tool to search for such targets. Here we demonstrate that 5-ASA alters beta-catenin immunocomplex formation by changing complex binding of seven proteins including translation initiation factors eIF4b. OMICs-based cross-testing by reverse in-gel chemogenomics (utilizing MK-0518 concentration 5-ASA’s fluorescent properties), in-silico docking and surface plasmon resonance experiments

identified binding of 5-ASA to eIF4e’s cap-binding pocket, a key regulatory site for protein synthesis. In-vitro translation experiments with rabbit reticulocytes confirmed a dose-dependent inhibition of protein syntheses by 5-ASA. By using two unbiased and independent OMICs-based experimental approaches two members of the cellular translation machinery, eIF4b and IF4e, were identified as targets of 5-ASA. Inhibition of protein syntheses is a previously unrecognized property of 5-ASA that may add to its anti-inflammatory and anti-neoplastic activities.”
“Polyalthia longifolia (Annonaceae), Elaeocarpus serratus (Elaeocarpaceae) and Trachyspermum ammi (Umbelliferae) are traditionally employed to cure various health ailments in Bangladesh. Extracts of these medicinal plants were tested for their potential antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity using the disc diffusion method and the brine shrimp lethality tests respectively. Ethanol extracts of the barks of P. longifolia, leaves of E. serratus and seeds of T.

Most patients do not require laboratory workup, and routine stool

Most patients do not require laboratory workup, and routine stool cultures are not recommended. Treatment focuses on preventing and treating dehydration. Diagnostic investigation should be reserved for patients with severe dehydration or illness, persistent fever, bloody stool, or immunosuppression, and for cases of suspected nosocomial infection or outbreak. Oral rehydration

therapy with early refeeding is the preferred treatment for dehydration. Antimotility agents should be avoided in patients with bloody diarrhea, but loperamide/simethicone may improve symptoms in patients with watery find more diarrhea. Probiotic use may shorten the duration of illness. When used appropriately, antibiotics are effective in the treatment of shigellosis, campylobacteriosis, Clostridium difficile, traveler’s diarrhea, and protozoal infections. Prevention of acute diarrhea is promoted through adequate hand washing, safe food preparation, access to clean water, and vaccinations. Copyright (c) 2014 American Academy of Family Physicians.”
“Purpose Extubation may be delayed after spine surgery mainly for the concerns of airway safety. Risk factors for delayed extubation in cervical spine surgery have been described to include prolonged surgery time and amount of crystalloids or blood transfused. To date, risk factors for delayed

extubation in thoracic or lumbar spine surgery have not been investigated. We retrospectively BI 2536 reviewed 135

consecutive patients from 2006 to 2009 who underwent thoracic or lumbar spine surgery by one particular surgeon to identify risk factors for delayed extubation.

Methods Proteasome inhibition Data including patient factors, surgical time, anesthetic technique, blood loss, crystalloid and colloid administration, transfusion requirements, time to transfusion, and time to extubation were collected and analyzed. Delayed extubation was defined as the patient was not extubated in the operating room at completion of the surgery.

Results One hundred and eight patients were extubated in the OR. Delayed extubation occurred in 27 patients. Delayed extubation was significantly related to total operative time (6.6 +/- 0.4 vs. 5.2 +/- 0.1 h), volume of crystalloid replacement (6,018 +/- 408 vs. 4,186 +/- 130 cm(3)), volume of total colloids infused (787 +/- 93 vs. 442 +/- 36 cm(3)), intraoperative blood transfused (3.7 +/- 0.5 vs. 0.7 +/- 0.1 units); blood loss (2,137 +/- 286 vs. 832 +/- 50 cm(3)), and time to starting blood transfusion (106 +/- 12 vs. 199 +/- 9 min).

Conclusions Our study suggests that intraoperative factors including prolonged surgical time, significant blood loss, larger volume of crystalloid and colloid infusion, and blood transfusion may be risk factors for delayed extubation following thoracic or lumbar spine surgery. Early blood transfusion may also increase the risk of delayed extubation.

(C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved “
“The chemical g

(C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The chemical graft copolymerization reaction of acrylonitrile (AN) onto paper sheet was performed. The effect of initiator concentration, monomer concentration, and temperature on the reaction rate was studied. The reaction rate equation of the graft copolymerization reaction is found to be R(P) = K(2) [initiator](0.54)[monomer](1.13). The apparent activation

energy (E(a)) of the copolymerization reaction is found to be 35.99 KJ/mol. The infrared characteristic absorption bands for cellulosic paper structure and the paper gr-AN are studied. Tensile break load, porosity, and burst strength were measured for the grafted and pure paper Small molecule library purchase sheet. It was found that the mechanical properties are improved by grafting. The chemical resistance of the graft product against strong acid (HCl), strong alkali (NaOH), polar

and nonpolar solvents was investigated. It was found that the resistance to these chemicals is enhanced by grafting. From the TGA and DTA data, it is clear that the grafted paper sheet is more thermally stable than pure paper sheet. (C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym LDN-193189 order Sci 120: 1411-1419, 2011″
“The history of vaccines for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) illustrates the complex immunity and immunopathology to this ubiquitous virus, starting from the failed formalin-inactivated vaccine trials performed in the 1960s. An attractive alternative to traditional live or killed

virus vaccines is a defined vaccine composed of discrete antigenic epitopes for which immunological activities have been characterized as comprehensively as possible. Here we present cumulative data on murine and human CD4, CD8 and neutralization epitopes identified in RSV proteins along with information regarding their associated immune responses and host-dependent variability. Identification and characterization of RSV epitopes is a rapidly expanding topic of research with potential contributions to the tailored design of improved Cell Cycle inhibitor safe and effective vaccines.”
“The main purpose of this paper was to study the effect of selected additives, NaCl, NaHSO3, ascorbic acid, cysteine and allicin, on acrylamide (AA) formation in asparagine/fructose (Asn/Fru) and asparagine/glucose (Asn/Glc) by microwave processing. Our results showed that NaHSO3 and cysteine had the best reduction rate on AA formation, but the browning would be influenced by the addition of these additives. Ascorbic acid is another good inhibitor for AA formation both in Asn/Fru and Asn/Glc model systems, but the browning would be inhibited by the high concentration of ascorbic acid. Natural antioxidants are attractive candidates for the development of effective inhibitors for AA formation. In the present study, allicin effectively reduced AA formation and achieved a maximum reduction rate of >50% for the use of allicin at a concentration of 0.0375% in Asn/Fru model system.

The overall meta-analysis did not suggest significant association

The overall meta-analysis did not suggest significant associations of TNF-a-238 and TNF-a-863 gene promoter polymorphisms with chronic HBV infection. However, in subgroup analysis by ethnicity, it indicated that TNF-a-238A allele carriers (GA + AA) in European populations had an increased risk of developing chronic HBV infection (OR = 2.22, 95% CI: 1.074.58, P = 0.032; OR = 4.46, 95% CI: 1.7511.38, P = 0.002, respectively), when compared with spontaneous recovered and healthy

populations, respectively. However, no significant associations were found in Asian populations in all genetic models. So, we draw the conclusion that the TNF-a-238A allele may increase the risk of chronic HBV infection PFTα chemical structure in European populations.”
“Cultural traits have long been used in anthropology as units of transmission that ostensibly reflect behavioural characteristics of the individuals or groups exhibiting the traits. After they are transmitted, AP24534 inhibitor cultural traits serve as units of replication in that they can be modified as part of an individual’s

cultural repertoire through processes such as recombination, loss or partial alteration within an individual’s mind. Cultural traits are analogous to genes in that organisms replicate them, but they are also replicators in their own right. No one has ever seen a unit of transmission, either behavioural or genetic, although we can observe the effects of transmission. Fortunately, such units are manifest in artefacts, features and other components of the archaeological RG-7112 price record, and they serve as proxies for studying the transmission (and modification) of cultural traits, provided there is analytical clarity over how to define and measure the units that underlie this inheritance process.”
“The Traditional Balsamic Vinegar of Modena (TBVM), an Italian valuable specialty produced from cooked grape must becomes viscous through a long-ageing process. TBVM may undergo jamming transition which causes its depreciation. A liquid and jammed TBVM were investigated for their microstructure and elemental

composition by coupling two non-destructive techniques, i.e. Environmental Scanning Electronic Microscopy (ESEM) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS). The same samples were also analyzed for their molecular size distribution by Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) and their shear viscosity with a stress-controlled rheometer. TBVM in the jammed state behaved as a pseudoplastic fluid due to the presence of nitrogen-free polymers with a molecular size dispersion lower than a liquid TBVM, the latest showed the Newtonian flow behavior. TBVM solid particles detected close to jamming transition showed a C/O ratio of 2.5 (liquid TBVM) and 3.7 (jammed TBVM), thus much higher than the main TBVM constituents (glucose, fructose and acetic acid).

The pH and temperature sensitivities of the fluorescence could be

The pH and temperature sensitivities of the fluorescence could be advantageous for it as a multifunctional material to probe pH and temperature. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 122: 1968-1975, 2011″
“The static and dynamic properties of hexagonal lattices of magnetic antidots have been studied using micromagnetic simulations and semianalytical modeling. The theoretical model is based on the Landau-Lifshitz equation and is developed for the case of comparable magnitudes of the field and linewidth of the ferromagnetic resonance (FMR). It is found that the antidot pattern induces an apparent sixfold configurational anisotropy manifesting itself via an anisotropic resonant response of the patterned film.

However, calculations performed with a reduced damping reveal that the

resonance peak consists of three different quasiuniform modes of the magnetization dynamics, with the resonant field of each of them LY2090314 showing a twofold variation with respect to the in-plane orientation of the applied magnetic field. The easy axes of the resonant modes are mutually rotated by 60 degrees and combine to yield the observed sixfold configurational anisotropy. Micromagnetic calculations of the local dynamic susceptibility allow us to attribute each absorption line to a different area of the sample. Finally, we analyze the effect of the antidot radius and the lattice period on the broadening of the uniform FMR line in comparison FG-4592 in vivo with the uniform FMR mode of the corresponding continuous film. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3552913]“
“The click here objective of this study is to evaluate the clinical features and prognosis of adult-onset Still’s disease (AOSD). One hundred and four AOSD patients who were analyzed retrospectively were enrolled in this study. Medical charts were systematically reviewed for: demographic data, clinical features, laboratory findings, treatments, and outcomes. The major clinical features were: spiking fever 100%, evanescent maculopapular rash 95%, polyarthralgia

90%, sore throat 78%, lymphadenopathy 66%, hepatosplenomegaly 57%, hydrohymenitis 30%, neutrophilia 98%, liver disfunction 62%, increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) 96%, and hyperferritinaemia 99%. Reactive hyperplasia was shown in all patients who underwent lymph node biopsy. Ninety-five percent and 63% of the patients were treated with glucocorticoid and immune suppressant, respectively. Those with prednisone or its equivalent dosage of a parts per thousand yen0.8 mg/kg/d achieved quicker remission and less relapse. Persistent fever, evanescent rash, arthritis, and sore throat were the most prevalent symptoms in patients with AOSD, with laboratory findings of leukocytosis, elevated liver enzymes, elevated ESR and serum ferritin. Glucocorticoid and immune suppressive drugs are effective for AOSD; however, the relapsing rate is relatively high.

All cases had an initial diagnosis of keratoconus and had ICRS im

All cases had an initial diagnosis of keratoconus and had ICRS implantation to manage corneal irregularity. In all cases, the initial ICRS were explanted because of an unsuccessful outcome (eg, segment extrusion, poor visual outcomes) and a new ICRS combination was implanted subsequently. A complete ophthalmic examination

was performed in all eyes before and 1 month after initial ICRS implantation, before ICRS explantation, and 1 month and 6 months after implantation of the new ICRS.

RESULTS: Twenty-one eyes (21 patients) were evaluated. There was a significant improvement in uncorrected distance visual acuity (P = .03) and thus a significant improvement www.selleckchem.com/Caspase.html in manifest refraction 1 month after implantation of the new ICRS (P <=.04). There was a statistically significant difference in keratometry readings (P <=.01) and a significant improvement in corneal aberrometry (P <=.03) between preoperatively and 6 months after the second surgery. There were no statistically significant differences in any visual, refractive, keratometric, or aberrometric parameter between eyes that had ICRS explantation for segment extrusion and eyes

that had explantation for poor visual outcomes (P >=.07).

CONCLUSION: Significant visual and refractive improvements were achieved by implanting a new ICRS combination after previous unsuccessful ICRS implantation.”
“We TH-302 cost report simulation of optical power delivery for heat assisted magnetic recording that examines the effect of the 3-deazaneplanocin A medium optical properties. Power is delivered to the medium using a near field transducer (NFT), creating a hot spot with a full width at half maximum of 50 nm. Efficiency is computed as the ratio of power dissipated in the medium within the full width at half maximum of the spot to the reference power level incident on the NFT. This efficiency was computed for a range of real and imaginary indices of refraction (n and k, respectively) of the medium ranging from 0 to 5 at a free space wavelength of 828 nm. The results indicate a maximum coupling of 4% of the power within

the hot spot for the relatively low n and k values of 1.2 and 0.6, respectively. A simple model of termination impedance is used to explain these n and k values. VC 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3563100]“
“BACKGROUND: The continued benefit of United Network of Organ Sharing (UNOS) status 2 transplantation in the modern era has been questioned.

METHODS: We measured deterioration to higher status designations, improvement allowing delisting, and risk of death or delisting as too ill, regardless of subsequent status, from the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients database. Extended Cox models were used to assess the relative hazard of status 2 transplantation vs waiting after status 2 listing. The likelihood of transplantation was measured with logistic regression.

An optimal ratio between HBeAg and anti-HBe led to their concurre

An optimal ratio between HBeAg and anti-HBe led to their concurrent detection when sera were tested by sensitive assays.”
“The stress and magnetostriction induced by flux pinning for a flat superconducting strip of a type II superconductor are calculated analytically selleck products in the presence of transport current. The plane stress approach is used to find the exact solutions. By assuming that the current density is magnetic field independent, the body force and normal stress distributions for increasing and decreasing transport currents are given. In addition, the pinning induced magnetostriction is calculated. The results show that, during

the transport current reduction, tensile stress may occur. It is worth pointing out that, in the flat superconducting strip with transport current, the

stresses are mainly negative. The hysteresis loop of the magnetostriction cannot be observed for the full cycle of the transport current. VC 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3561366]“
“Background: Selleckchem SBE-β-CD Kingella kingae is a gram-negative coccobacillus, increasingly recognized as an invasive pediatric pathogen. To date, only few small series of invasive K. kingae infections have been published, mostly from single medical centers. A nationwide multicenter study was performed to investigate the epidemiologic, clinical, and laboratory features of children with culture-proven K. kingae infections.

Methods: Clinical microbiology laboratories serving all 22 medical centers in Israel were contacted in Fosbretabulin Cytoskeletal Signaling inhibitor a search for children aged 0 to 18 years from whom K. kingae was isolated from a normally sterile site, dating from as far back as possible until December 31, 2007. Medical records of identified patients were reviewed using uniform case definitions.

Results: A total of 322 episodes of infection were identified in 321 children, of which 96% occurred before the age of 36 months. The annual incidence in children aged <4

years was 9.4 per 100,000. Infections showed a seasonal nadir between February and April. Skeletal system infections occurred in 169 (52.6%) children and included septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, and tenosynovitis. Occult bacteremia occurred in 140 children (43.6%), endocarditis in 8 (2.5%), and pneumonia in 4 (1.2%). With the exception of endocarditis cases, patients usually appeared only mildly ill. About one-quarter of children had a body temperature <38 degrees C, 57.1% had a blood white blood cell count <15,000/mm(3), 22.0% had normal C-reactive protein values, and 31.8% had nonelevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate.

Conclusions: K. kingae infections usually occur in otherwise healthy children aged 6 to 36 months, mainly causing skeletal system infections and bacteremia, and occasionally endocarditis and pneumonia. Clinical presentation is usually mild, except for endocarditis, necessitating a high index of suspicion.

As a result a significant increase in susceptibility can be obtai

As a result a significant increase in susceptibility can be obtained due to the composite structure formation, which causes the addition of an extrinsic contribution into susceptibility. The composite structure can produce a number of different partially switched (partially poled) states with different values of the remnant polarization that are stable in wide ranges of the applied field producing a close to linear dielectric response with high susceptibility.

(C) 2009 American Institute of Physics. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3121211]“
“BACKGROUND Botulinum toxin (BoNT) has been in use since the late 1970s, and over the last 20 years, its use has been extended to new indications in various areas of medicine. During these years of clinical use, some of the initial ideas have changed, and others have remained stable along with increasing experience with and knowledge about BoNTs.

OBJECTIVE To review the literature and prescribing DAPT information on DMH1 purchase all of the available products and to update the concept of handling toxins (preparations, reconstitution, storage, sterility, and dilution).

METHODS A review (not Cochrane type analysis) of the medical literature based on relevant databases (MEDLINE, PubMed, Cochrane Library, specialist textbooks, and manufacturer information) was performed.

CONCLUSIONS Many of the precautions

around BoNT use, often recommended by the manufacturers, are described in the clinical literature as too restrictive. The literature suggests that toxins may be sturdier and more-resistant to degradation than previously understood. Dr. Ada R. Trindade de Almeida has been a consultant to Allergan, Inc. and participated in clinical trials for Allergan and Galderma. Dr. Alastair Carruthers is a consultant to Allergan, Inc. and Merz GmbH and has been paid to do research for both companies.”
“Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the total blood platelets count, fraction of phagocytizing thrombocytes (PhT%), and phagocytic index of thrombocytes (PhIT) in gastric cancer considering the stage of the

disease, and perioperative immunonutrition support.

Methods: Our study included 44 patients operated for gastric cancer divided into 2 groups depending on the clinical stage, and 40 healthy volunteers -a control group. Group I included 18 patients with find more stage I-III locoregional malignancies and Group II included 26 patients with stage IV peritoneal dissemination. All patients received immunonutrition during the perioperative period. The phagocytic activity of blood platelets was assessed by measuring PhT% and PhIT prior to and after nutritional therapy.

Results: In Group I, the pre-treatment PhT% and PhIT amounted to 1.08 and 0.99, respectively, and 1.26, and 1.1 after the therapy (p<0.01). In Group II, pre-treatment PhT% and PhIT were 1.12 and 0.97, after 1.18 and 1.06, respectively (p<0.05). In the controls, PhT% and PhIT were 2.26 and 1.

Radiographic disease monitoring, while lacking, may represent a m

Radiographic disease monitoring, while lacking, may represent a move toward other more sensitive methods of RA progression detection, such as joint ultrasound. The inclusion of patient-and physician-derived information could help elucidate the reasons underlying nonadherence.”
“Purpose: To evaluate the feasibility of intensive laparoscopic training shortening the learning curve of laparoscopic suturing in surgical postgraduate students. Materials and

Methods: Eighty-seven surgical postgraduate students participated in this study, including novice (N), junior (JR), and senior (SR) trainees. The N trainees were divided into novice control (NC) and novice experimental (NE) groups. The training curricula

contain three stages: Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery tasks, intensive laparoscopic suturing task, and laparoscopic enucleation model training. The NE, JR, and SR groups completed all EX 527 molecular weight three GANT61 mouse stages. The NC group just performed the first and third stages. The performances of each group were recorded and analyzed.

Results: For the first stage, the SR group performed better than the N and JR groups. There was no significant difference in the

post-test total scores between the N and JR groups, although the N group had lower pretest total scores. For the second stage, no significant difference was found in the post-test scores among the NE, JR, and SR groups, although the SR group had better pretest scores. For the third stage, the NE, JR, and SR groups had better performance than the NC group at the five exercises. There was no significant difference at the fifth exercise among the NE, JR, and SR groups, although the SR group performed better at the former four exercises.

Conclusion: This study documented the feasibility of intensive laparoscopic training curricula shortening the learning curve of laparoscopic suturing in surgical postgraduate students, regardless of baseline experience.”
“Background: Predicting an intensive care unit patient’s outcome

is highly desirable. An end goal is for computational learn more techniques to provide updated, accurate predictions about changing patient condition using a manageable number of physiologic parameters.

Methods: Principal component analysis was used to select input parameters for critical care patient outcome models. Vital signs and laboratory values from each patient’s hospital stay along with outcomes (“”Discharged”" vs. “”Deceased”") were collected retrospectively at a Level I Trauma-Military Medical Center in the southwest; intensive care unit patients were included if they had been admitted for burn, infection, or hypovolemia during a 5-year period ending October 2007. Principal component analysis was used to determine which of the 24 parameters would serve as inputs in a Bayesian network developed for outcome prediction.

Results: Data for 581 patients were collected.

The ROM of the intact segment was 10 9 degrees (9 4 degrees-15 5

The ROM of the intact segment was 10.9 degrees (9.4 degrees-15.5 degrees) in flexion/extension, 9.5 degrees (6.8 degrees-12.1 degrees) in lateral bending, and 4.7 (3.4 degrees-6.0 degrees) degrees in axial rotation. Medial facetectomy and instrumentation

led to -6% of ROM in flexion/extension and +1% lateral bending. Me dial facetectomy without implant led to +106% of axial selleck chemical rotation (P = 0.028). The instrumentation reduced axial rotation to -38% (P = 0.028). This decrease was because of the presence of the cross-link. The MCR was located around the middle of the superior L5 endplate in intact and instrumented specimens. It moved cranial after facetectomy without instrumentation. The implant decreased the maximal IDP during flexion/extension to -17% (P = 0.028).

Conclusion. The AFS had a minor influence on flexion/extension and lateral bending, and the MCR kept physiologic. Bilateral facetectomy yielded an increase in axial rotation, which was stabilized by the implant. The AFS seemed to reduce IDPs.”
“The ultraviolet-induced graft Stem Cell Compound Library research buy copolymerization of allyl methacrylate into poly(ethylene terephthalate) films and the subsequent

sulfonation of the grafted film were performed to prepare a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM). The sulfonation reaction occurred at the grafted chain under mild conditions; that is, the grafted film was easily transformed into a PEM. The mechanical, chemical, and thermal properties of the prepared PEM (i.e., the ion-exchange capacity, water uptake, tensile strengths at different water uptakes and temperatures, stability in hydrogen peroxide solutions, and proton conductivity) were measured with titrimetric and gravimetric analyses; most were found to be better than those of Nafion. The maximum ion-exchange capacity and proton conductivity of the PEM were observed to be 0.072 mmol/g and 0.0458 S/cm, respectively. Because this PEM is inexpensive to prepare with

available click here raw materials and has the properties required for fuel cells, it could be an attractive and suitable device for use in fuel-cell technology. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 121: 2442-2449, 2011″
“We study the epidemiology of a viral disease with dose-dependent replication and transmission by nesting a differential-equation model of the within-host viral dynamics inside a between-host epidemiological model. We use two complementary approaches for nesting the models: an agent-based (AB) simulation and a mean-field approximation called the growth-matrix (GM) model. We find that although infection rates and predicted case loads are somewhat different between the AB and GM models, several epidemiological parameters, e. g. mean immunity in the population and mean dose received, behave similarly across the methods.