We find that activation of ERK1/2 also occurs in response to injury in

retinal explants. However, this is a transient response and appears to be overcome by Jun N-terminal kinase activation resulting in induction of Bim(EL) mRNA and photoreceptor apoptosis. Our findings provide new insights into the intracellular pathways responsible for regulating apoptosis during neuronal development and degeneration.”
“OBJECTIVE\n\nTo investigate the detailed mechanism of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) decline in metabolic syndrome (MS) and insulin resistance (IR), which lowers the predictive learn more value of the PSA test, we examined the effect of haemodilution and

check details the possibility of an intrinsic metabolic effect. PATIENTS AND\n\nMETHODS\n\nWe analysed 28 315 men who underwent routine check-ups. We compared the age-adjusted mean PSA levels in subjects with and without MS before and after adjusting or stratifying the plasma volume. We analysed changes in PSA level, plasma volume and PSA mass according to obesity grade, number of MS components, IR severity and diagnosis of MS, IR or both using an analysis of covariance.\n\nRESULTS\n\nThe PSA levels were lower in the group with MS than in the group without MS (P = 0.001), but this difference disappeared after adjusting or stratifying the plasma volume (P > 0.05 for all). The PSA levels decreased, plasma volume increased, and PSA mass did not change as the number of MS components increased (P = 0.002, P < 0.001, P = 0.55, respectively) or the IR severity increased (P = 0.001, P < 0.001, P = 0.34, 3-MA in vivo respectively).\n\nSimilarly, PSA levels were lower, plasma volumes were higher and PSA masses were the same in subjects with MS (P = 0.002, P < 0.001, P = 0.10,

respectively), IR (P = 0.018, P < 0.001, P = 0.94, respectively), or both (P = 0.003, P < 0.001, P = 0.86, respectively) than in subjects without those conditions.\n\nCONCLUSION\n\nThe PSA decline in MS and IR may result simply from a haemodilution effect and be unrelated to intrinsic metabolic disturbances. For this reason, PSA levels could be underestimated in patients with MS or IR because of haemodilution.”
“External morphological characters were used to reconstruct a phylogeny of the mite family Syringophilidae (Acariformes: Cheyletoidea), which are permanent parasites inhabiting the quills of bird feathers. A total of 53 syringophilid genera and 79 characters were included in the data matrix; maximum parsimony (MP) and Bayesian analyses (BA) were performed to determine their phylogenetic relationships. The consensus of unweighted MP trees was weakly resolved.

04; 95% CI 0.89 to 1.22; low-quality evidence), symptomatic DVT (RR 0.51; 95% CI 0.21 to 1.22; low-quality evidence), major bleeding (RR 7.60; 95% CI 0.94 to 61.49; very-low-quality evidence), or minor bleeding (RR 3.14; 95% CI 0.14 to 71.51). The use of heparin, compared Selleckchem NU7441 with VKA was associated with a statistically significant increase in thrombocytopenia (RR 3.73; 95% CI

2.26 to 6.16; low-quality evidence) and asymptomatic DVT (RR 1.74; 95% CI 1.20 to 2.52). However, results did not show or exclude a beneficial or detrimental effect on any of the other outcomes of interest (very-low-quality evidence). Authors’ conclusions Compared with no anticoagulation, we found a statistically significant reduction of symptomatic DVT with heparin and asymptomatic DVT with VKA. Heparin was associated with a higher risk of thrombocytopenia and asymptomatic DVT when compared with VKA. However, the findings did not rule out other clinically important benefits and harms. People with cancer with CVCs considering anticoagulation should balance the possible benefit of reduced

VS-6063 thromboembolic complications with the possible harms and burden of anticoagulants.”
“The distribution, morphology and nuclear subdivisions of the putative catecholaminergic and serotonergic systems within the brain of the greater canerat (sometimes spelt cane rat) were identified following immunohistochemistry for tyrosine hydroxylase and serotonin. The aim of the present study was to investigate possible differences

in the complement of nuclear subdivisions of these systems when comparing those of the greater canerat with reports of these systems in other rodents. The greater canerat Selleckchem CT99021 was chosen for investigation as it is a large rodent (around 2.7 kg body mass) and has an average brain mass of 13.75 g, more than five times larger than that of the laboratory rat. The greater canerats used in the present study were caught from the wild, which is again another contrast to the laboratory rat. While these differences, especially that of size, may lead to the prediction of significant differences in the nuclear complement of these systems, we found that all nuclei identified in both systems in the laboratory rat and other rodents in several earlier studies had direct homologs in the brain of the greater canerat. Moreover, there were no additional nuclei in the brain of the greater canerat that are not found in the laboratory rat or other rodents. It is noted that the locus coeruleus of the laboratory rat differs in appearance to that reported for several other rodent species. The greater canerat is phylogenetically distant from the laboratory rat, but still a member of the order Rodentia. Thus, changes in the nuclear organization of these systems appears to demonstrate a form of constraint related to the phylogenetic level of the order. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Regarding their functional mechanisms, we and others have demonstrated that they are able to regulate members in both caspase and Bcl-2 families.

In addition, we have also shown that alpha A and alpha B may display differential selleck screening library anti-apoptotic mechanisms under certain stress conditions. While alpha A-crystallin regulates activation of the AKT signaling pathway, alpha B negatively regulates the MAPK pathway to suppress apoptosis induced by UV and oxidative stress. Although previous studies revealed that alpha A and alpha B could regulate members in both caspase and Bcl-2 families, the molecular mechanism, especially the in vivo regulation still waits to be elucidated. In the present communication, we present both in vitro and in vivo evidence to further demonstrate the regulation of caspase-3 and Bax by alpha A and alpha B. First, Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) and yeast two-hybrid selection analysis demonstrate that alpha A and alpha B directly bind to caspase-3 and Bax with differential affinities. Second, immunohistochemistry reveals that alpha A and alpha B regulate caspase-3 and Bax at different developmental stages of mouse embryo. Third, co-immunoprecipitation shows that alpha A and alpha B form in vivo interacting complexes with caspase-3 and Bax. Together, our results Bromosporine order further confirm

that alpha A and alpha B regulate caspase-3 and Bax in vitro and in vivo to regulate lens differentiation.”
“NADPH-dependent oxidoreductases are useful catalysts for the production of chiral synthons. However, preparative applications of oxidoreductases require efficient methods for in situ regeneration of the expensive nicotinamide cofactors. An advantageous method for cofactor regeneration is the construction of bifunctional fusion proteins composed of two enzymes, one catalysing the reduction reaction and the other one mediating the recycling of cofactors. Herein, we describe the in-frame fusion between an NADP(+)-accepting mutant of FDH (formate dehydrogenase) from Mycobacterium vaccae NI0 and KR [3-ketoacyl(acyl-carrier-protein) reductase] from Synechococcus

sp. strain PCC 7942. The generation of linker insertion C59 mutants led to a fusion protein exhibiting 100 and 80% of the enzymatic activities of native KR and FDH respectively. Escherichia coli cells expressing the fusion protein showed an approx. 2-fold higher initial reaction rate in the production of chiral alcohols than cells expressing the enzymes separately. The application of the engineered fusion protein in whole-cell bioreduction of pentafluoroacetophenone resulted in a substrate conversion of 99.97% with an excellent enantiomeric excess of 99.9% (S)-I-(pentafluorophenyl)ethanol.”
“The ability of the host to distinguish between self and foreign nucleic acids is one of the critical factors contributing to the recognition of pathogens by Toll-like receptors (TLRs).

Quality of life for adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis may relate more to psychosocial coping mechanisms than to physical deformity and its consequences. It is important to establish whether remedial programmes are capable of addressing personal, group and family issues, improving QOL and promoting compliance.”
“Effects of tillage depth and forward speed on draft of three primary tillage implements were studied by using a tension load cell in clay loam soil. Implements included

a moldboard plow, a disk plow and a chisel plow, each of them with one tillage unit. A photoelectric speed sensor was used for measuring forward speed. The effects of forward speed and tillage depth on draft measurements were investigated through strip-split plot design. A significant increase in draft was observed for all the implements MAPK inhibitor learn more with increase in tillage depth and forward

speed. Comparing of average draft in treatments with Duncan’s multiple range test showed that moldboard plow in highest forward speed and tillage depth had maximum draft and disk plow in lowest forward speed and tillage depth had minimum draft values. The relationships between draft and forward speed are presented graphically.”
“Drosophila yakuba and D. santomea are sister species that differ in their levels of abdominal pigmentation; D. yakuba shows heavily pigmented posterior abdominal segments in both sexes, whereas D. santomea lacks dark

pigment anywhere on its body. Using naturally collected lines, we demonstrate the existence of altitudinal variation in abdominal pigmentation in D. yakuba but not in D. santomea. We use the variation in pigmentation within D. yakuba and two body-color mutants in D. yakuba to elucidate selective advantage of differences in pigmentation. Our results indicate that although differences in abdominal pigmentation have no effect on desiccation resistance, lighter pigmentation confers ultraviolet radiation resistance in this pair of species.”
“Multidrug this website resistance has emerged as a significant concern with infections caused by Acinetobacter baumannii. Ample evidence supports the involvement of mobile genetic elements in the transfer of antibiotic resistance genes, but the extent of variability and the rate of genetic change associated with the acquisition of antibiotic resistance have not been studied in detail. Whole-genome sequence analysis of six closely related clinical isolates of A. baumannii, including four from the same hospital, revealed extensive divergence of the resistance genotype that correlated with observed differences in antimicrobial susceptibility. Resistance genes associated with insertion sequences, plasmids, and a chromosomal resistance gene island all showed variability. The highly dynamic resistance gene repertoire suggests rapid evolution of drug resistance.

100; p = 0.0002) Copanlisib PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitor and Dmean (OR: 1.059; p = 0.038). The main independent predictors of Delta V% at MVA were age (OR: 0.968; p = 0.041) and V40 (OR: 1.0338; p = 0.013). Delta Vcc and Delta V% may be well described by the equations: Delta Vcc = 2.44 + 0.076 Dmean (Gy) + 0.279 IPV (cc) and Delta V% = 34.23 + 0.192 V40 (%) – 0.2203 age (year). The predictive power of the Delta Vcc model is higher than that of the Delta V% model.\n\nConclusions: IPV/age and Dmean/V40

are the major dosimetric and clinical/anatomic predictors of Delta Vcc and Delta V%. Delta Vcc and Delta V% may be well described by hi-linear models including the above-mentioned variables. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. Radiotherapy and Oncology 94 (2010) 206-212″
“The authors present three patients from a consanguineous family afflicted with novel recessive myoclonic epilepsy characterized by very early onset and a steadily progressive

course. The onset is in early infancy, and death occurs in the first decade. In addition to various types of myoclonic seizures, episodic phenomena such as dystonias, postictal enduring hemipareses, autonomic involvements, and periods of obtundation and lethargy were also observed. Developmental and neurological retardation, coupled with systemic infections, leads to a full deterioration. The authors designated the disease progressive myoclonic epilepsy with dystonia (PMED). A genome scan for the family and subsequent fine mapping localized the gene PARP inhibitor responsible for the disease to the most telomeric 6.73 mega base pairs at the p-terminus of chromosome 16, with a maximum multipoint logarithm-of-odds score of 7.83 and a maximum two-point score of 4.25. A candidate gene was analyzed for mutations in patients, but no mutation was found.”
“Background: Semen armeniacae amarum (SAA) is a Chinese traditional

medicine MK-1775 chemical structure and has long been used to control acute lower respiratory tract infection and asthma, as a result of its expectorant and antiasthmatic activities. However, its mutagenicity in vitro and in vivo has not yet been reported. The Ames test for mutagenicity is used worldwide. The histidine contained in biological samples can induce histidine-deficient cells to replicate, which results in more his(+) colonies than in negative control cells, therefore false-positive results may be obtained. So, it becomes a prerequisite to exclude the effects of any residual histidine from samples when they are assayed for their mutagenicity. Chinese traditional herbs, such as SAA, are histidine-containing biological sample, need modified Ames tests to assay their in vitro mutagenicity.\n\nMethods: The mutagenicity of SAA was evaluated by the standard and two modified Ames tests. The first modification used the plate incorporation test same as standard Ames teat, but with new negative control systems, in which different amounts of histidine corresponding to different concentrations of SAA was incorporated.

3 +/- 12.4 beats/min to 80.6 +/- 14.6 beats/min, peaking at 10 minutes) and cardiac output (from 3.8 +/- 0.45 L/min to 4.7 +/- 0.64 L/min, peaking at 15 minutes). There were no significant changes in the right atrial, pulmonary artery, or wedge pressures and hence no change in the pulmonary vascular resistance. More importantly, chewing tobacco was associated with coronary vasoconstriction (proximal LAD diameter change from 3.17 +/- 0.43 mm to 2.79 +/- 0.37 mm; p-value 0.02; mid LAD diameter change from 2.75 +/- 0.36 mm to 2.40 +/- 0.22 mm; p-value 0.03).\n\nConclusion:

Chewing smokeless tobacco leads to coronary vasoconstriction and also produces significant hemodynamic alterations. These selleck chemical changes may have

a bearing on excess vascular disease.”
“We investigated the ability of the ichthyotoxic haptophyte Prymnesium parvum to use sewage-originated nutrients applying stable carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) isotope techniques. P. parvum was cultured under N and phosphorus (P) sufficient and deficient conditions in either sewage effluent-based medium or in a nitrate- and phosphate-based control. Cell densities and toxicities were monitored and stable carbon N isotopes JNK-IN-8 molecular weight signatures (delta(13)C and delta(15)N) of P. parvum and the sewage effluent analysed. Nitrogen and P sufficient cultures achieved the highest biomass followed by P and N deficient cultures, regardless of sewage effluent additions. The P deficient cultures with sewage effluent had higher toxicity, estimated as haemolytic activity (9.4 +/- 0 x 10(-5) mg Saponin equiv. cell(-1)) compared to the P deficient control and to all N deficient and NP sufficient cultures. Nutrient deficient conditions

had no effect on the cell delta(15)N, but a decreasing effect on delta(13)C in the inorganic N deficient treatment. Growth in sewage-based media was followed by a substantial increase in the cell delta(15)N (10.4-16.1 parts per thousand) compared to the control treatments (2.4-4.9 parts per thousand), showing that P. parvum is capable of direct use of sewage-originated N, inorganic as well as organic. Uptake of terrestrial derived C in the sewage treatments was confirmed by a decrease in cell delta(13)C, implying that P. parvum is able to utilize organic nutrients in sewage effluent. this website (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (rt-fMRI) has recently gained interest as a possible means to facilitate the learning of certain behaviors. However, rt-fMRI is limited by processing speed and available software, and continued development is needed for rt-fMRI to progress further and become feasible for clinical use. In this work, we present an open-source rt-fMRI system for biofeedback powered by a novel Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) accelerated motion correction strategy as part of the BioImage Suite project (www.bioimagesuite.org).

(C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Study objective: The number of critically ill patients admitted to the emergency department increases daily. To decrease mortality, interventions and treatments should be conducted in a timely manner. It has been found that the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is related to mortality in some disease groups, such as acute coronary syndrome and pulmonary emboli. The CCI-779 supplier effect of the NLR on mortality is unknown in critically ill patients who are admitted to the emergency department. Our aim in this study is to evaluate the effect of the NLR on mortality in critically ill patients.

Methods: This study was planned as a prospective, observational cohort study. Patients who were admitted to the emergency department because they were critically ill and required the intensive care unit STAT inhibitor were included in the study. Demographic characteristics, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health

Evaluation II (APACHE II), Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment, Glasgow Coma Score, and NLR values were recorded upon emergency department admission. The patients were followed up for sepsis, ventilator-associated pneumonia, multiorgan failure, in-hospital mortality, and 6-month mortality. Results: The median (interquartile range) age of the 373 patients was 74 (190) years, and 54.4% were men. Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio values were divided into quartiles, as follows: less than 3.48, 3.48 to 6.73, 6.74-13.6, and more than 13.6. There was no difference among these 4 groups regarding demographic characteristics, APACHE II score, Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment score, Glasgow Coma Score, and length of hospital stay (P bigger than .05). In the multivariable Cox regression model, in-hospital mortality and 6-month mortality NLR were hazard ratio (HR), 1.63 (1.110-2.415; P = .01) and HR, 1.58 (1.136-2.213; P = .007), respectively, and APACHE II scores were detected as independent indicators. Conclusion: The NLR is a simple, cheap, rapidly available, and independent indicator of short- and long-term mortalities.

We suggest that the NLR can provide direction to emergency department physicians for interventions, particularly within a few hours after admission, in the critically ill patient group. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Background: SHP099 mw Modeling drug interactions is important for illustrating combined drug actions and for predicting the pharmacological and/or toxicological effects that can be obtained using combined drug therapy. Aim: In this study, we propose a new and universal support vector regression (SVR)-based method for the analysis of drug interactions that significantly accelerates the isobolographic analysis. Methods: Using SVR, a theoretical model of the dose-effect relationship was built to simulate various dose ratios of two drugs.

\n\nThe results of our analyses Ganetespib have implications for the number of subspecies in Pan troglodytes, the relationship between hominin taxa and Palaeolithic industries, and the evolution of hominin cognition and behaviour. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“This paper presents a clinical overview and update of cervical arterial dysfunction (CAD) for osteopaths and other clinicians who treat patients presenting with cervical

pain and headache syndromes. An overview of a ‘system based’ approach to the concept of vertebrobasilar arterial insufficiency (VBI) is covered, with reference to assessment procedures recommended by commonly used guidelines. We suggest that the evidence supporting contemporary practice remains limited and present a more holistic approach to considering cervical arterial dysfunction. This ‘system based’ approach considers typical

pain patterns and clinical progressions of both vertebrobasilar, and internal carotid arterial pathologies. Attention to the risk factors, pathomechanics and haemodynamics of arterial dysfunction is also given. We suggest that consideration of the information provided in this updated ‘Masterclass’ will enhance clinical reasoning with regard to differential diagnosis of cervical pain syndromes and prediction of serious adverse reactions to treatment. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Statement of problem. MGCD0103 ic50 Surgical guides may interfere with effective use of surgical

instrumentation during implant placement in the posterior segments where interocclusal distance may be limited.\n\nPurpose. The purpose of this study was to measure and compare the accuracy of posterior implant placement using 3 precision surgical guides with varying occlusogingival heights, and to evaluate the difference in accuracy of implant placement through precision selleck screening library guides as compared to freehand placement.\n\nMaterial and methods. Three groups of surgical guides were fabricated with occlusogingival heights of 4, 6, and 8 mm, respectively. A jig was fabricated to allow for accurate positioning in bone substitute blocks. Ninety implants were placed in the mandibular first molar site on a manikin. Thirty implants (Astra Tech AB) were placed for each group, with 15 through the guide and 15 freehand. Distances between a reference implant and each placed implant were measured at both implant and abutment levels using a coordinate measuring machine. Apex position and angular discrepancy were calculated using the coordinates of the centers of the implant platform and of the occlusal aspect of the abutment. Data was assessed using 2-way ANOVA (alpha=.05).\n\nResults. Two-way ANOVA demonstrated that guide height did not significantly affect the accuracy of the implant position. The distance from the reference point to the point of measurement was significantly smaller for placement through the guide compared to freehand placement at both implant (P<.

The stress-induced activation of both biochemical pathways depends on NCT-501 the activation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptor and on the

activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF kappa B). In the case of inducible NO synthase (iNOS), release of the cytokine TNF-alpha also accounts for its expression. Different pharmacological strategies directed towards different sites in iNOS or COX-2 pathways have been shown to be neuroprotective in stress-induced brain damage: NMDA receptor blockers, inhibitors of TNF-alpha activation and release, inhibitors of NF kappa B, specific inhibitors of iNOS and COX-2 activities and PPAR gamma agonists. This article reviews recent contributions to this area addressing possible new pharmacological targets for the treatment of stress-induced neuropsychiatric disorders.”
“Xylanases have raised interest because of their potential applications in various industrial fields, including the pulp and paper industries, bioethanol production, and the feed industry. In bioethanol production from lignocellulosic compounds, xylanase can improve the hydrolysis of cellulose into fermentable sugars, since the xylan restricts the cellulases from acting efficiently. In this work, a new thermophilic Streptomyces sp.

was selected for its ability to produce xylanase. Carbon source selection is an important factor in the production of hemicellulases.

The highest activity was obtained when Streptomyces sp. I3 was grown in the presence of wheat bran. Xylanase activity was partially buy RepSox characterized concerning the effect of pH and temperature on activity and thermostability, and the effects of different metal ions were also tested. The pH and temperature profile showed optimal activity at pH 6.0/70 A degrees C. Zymogram analysis showed selleck screening library multiple xylanases (39, 21, 18, and 17 kDa). Xylanases studied in this work are thermophilic, thermostable, and active in a wide pH range; they have potential to be used in the development of new processes of biotechnological interest.”
“We report a case of a woman in whom uterine arterial embolization was performed using absorbable gelfoam particles for control of refractory postpartum hemorrhage. Ten days after delivery, the woman experienced high fever and low abdominal pain. Histologic findings after hysterectomy were consistent with uterine necrosis and acute suppurative myometritis.”
“A comparative proteomic approach was performed to identify differentially expressed proteins in plastids at three stages of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit ripening (mature-green, breaker, red). Stringent curation and processing of the data from three independent replicates identified 1,932 proteins among which 1,529 were quantified by spectral counting.

Results: The probability of the mean life was higher for Reciproc than WaveOne files at both levels, with the probability of the Reciproc mean life being 62% higher than that of WaveOne at 5 mm from the tip and 100% higher at 13 mm (all statistically IPI-145 purchase significant). The probability of the mean life was higher at 5

mm than at 13 mm in both systems. The results may have been partially conditioned by the different motions that manufacturers propose for each system. Conclusions: Reciproc files were more resistant to cyclic fatigue than WaveOne files at both distances from the tip. Both systems had greater cyclic fatigue resistance at 5 mm than at 13 mm from the tip. (J Endod 2012;38:1244-1248)”
“Liver tests are utilized to determine the presence of biliary obstruction.\n\nTo examine our hypothesis that liver tests aid in elucidating whether patients have simple calculous cholecystitis (ACC) or choledocholithiasis (CDL).\n\nWe performed a retrospective study of patients admitted to two University of Texas Southwestern teaching hospitals with a clinical picture consistent with ‘acute gallstone disease’, i.e. cholecystitis +/- choledocolithiasis. The presence of ACC and CDL was based on defined clinical criteria.\n\nThe cohort consisted of 154 patients meeting specific entry criteria, primarily with right upper quadrant pain; 62 ACC, 79 both ACC and CDL and 13 CDL alone. Approximately

30% of patients with ACC had abnormal alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and/or bilirubin level and approximately 50% had abnormal aminotransferase levels. find more Among patients with ACC/CDL, 77% had abnormal ALP, 60% had abnormal bilirubin and 90% had abnormal aminotransferase levels. By multivariate analysis, increasing common bile duct size and an abnormal MCC950 ALP and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were excellent predictors of having ACC with CDL.\n\nLiver test patterns can aid in elucidating CDL, including in ACC patients. Fundamentally, patients with CDL were

more likely to have more abnormal liver tests, whether they had CDL only, or CDL and ACC. A dilated CBD, and abnormal ALP and ALT had modest sensitivity and high specificity for identification of patients with ACC and CDL.”
“An in vitro model was used to study the fermentation characteristics of carbohydrate fractions of hulless barley (hB), in comparison to hulled barley (HB), hulled oat and oat groats (OG) in the pig intestine. For this purpose, 6 hulless barley cultivars (hB), varying in beta-glucan content (36-99 g/kg DM), were compared to 3 HB cultivars, 2 oat groat samples (OG), 3 oat varieties and a reference sample of wheat. The residue of a pepsin-pancreatin hydrolysis was incubated in a buffered mineral solution inoculated with pig faeces. Gas production, proportional to the amount of fermented carbohydrates, was measured for 48 h and kinetics modelled.