43 X 10(-3) mm(2) / s, for

b-300, respectively. Mean ADC values of malignant nodules were lower than benign nodules. There were significant differences in ADC values between benign and malignant nodules. ADC values among normal-appearing SB431542 molecular weight thyroid parenchyma of patients and normal-appearing thyroid parenchyma of healthy subjects were insignificant at all b factors.

Conclusion Benign nodules have higher ADC values than malignant ones. DWI may be helpful in differentiating malign and benign thyroid nodules.”
“Purpose: Aneurysms involving the supra-aortic vessels are rare but carry serious risk of embolization, thrombosis, and rupture. We describe our experience with the diagnosis, treatment strategies, and outcomes in patients with extended follow-up.

Methods: Data during a 17-year period (January 1990 to December 2007) was analyzed. We assessed age, gender, presenting symptoms, localization, pathologic diagnosis, type of procedures, complications, and survival.

Results: A total of 74 patients were treated for supra-aortic

aneurysms. Of all aneurysms treated, 63% were degenerative, 24% iatrogenic, 8% traumatic, 3% genetic, and 1% mycotic. The subclavian artery was most commonly affected (50%, 2/3 in the right side), followed by the common carotid (36%), internal carotid (10%), innominate (3%), and vertebral (1%). At the time of diagnosis, 52 patients (70%) were asymptomatic, but of those symptomatic 68% had an embolic event as a presenting symptom. Embolic episodes were more common in patients with smaller aneurysms (P < .006). Open surgery was performed in 77% of all cases, and the use of endovascular https://www.selleckchem.com/products/obeticholic-acid.html techniques became the predominant treatment modality over the last 4 years. Survival at 30 days was 100%. Five- and 10-year survival rates were 87% and 43%, respectively.

Conclusion: Most cases of supra-aortic aneurysm are asymptomatic and embolization

as opposed to rupture represents the greatest risk to the patient. Most cases can be detected prior to symptoms. Endovascular repair is an emerging alternative of treatment and, with the current development of appropriate devices, will likely form the mainstay of therapy in the near future. (J Vasc Surg 2009;49:4-10.)”
“Objective: More effective adjuncts are needed to reduce the incidence of acute renal injury after thoracoabdominal Sinomenine aortic aneurysm (TAAA) repair. The purpose of this randomized trial was to determine whether renal perfusion with cold blood provides better protection against renal ischemia than perfusion with cold crystalloid in patients undergoing TAAA repair with left heart bypass.

Methods: One hundred seventy-two patients were enrolled. Strict inclusion criteria were used, including planned Crawford extent II or III TAAA repair with left heart bypass. The patients were randomly assigned to receive intermittent renal perfusion with either 4 degrees C lactated Ringer’s solution (n = 86) or 4 degrees C blood (n = 86).

Radiation dose estimates were calculated in OLINDA/EXM Version 1.1 from baboon studies and compared with those EPZ-6438 concentration calculated from Sprague-Dawley rat tissue concentration studies, also adjusted for relative organ mass.

Results: In baboons, both ligands cleared rapidly from brain, lung, kidney and spleen and more slowly from liver and heart. For [F-18] PBR111, the renal excretion fraction was 6.5% and 17% for hepatobiliary excretion; for [F-18]PBR102, the renal excretion was 3.0% and 15% for hepatobiliary excretion. The estimated

effective dose in humans from baboon data was 0.021 mSv/MBq for each ligand, whilst from rat data, the estimates were 0.029 for [F-18]PBR111 and 0.041 mSv/MBq for [F-18]PBR102.

Conclusion: Biodistribution in a nonhuman primate model is better suited than the rat model for the calculation of dosimetry parameters when translating these ligands from preclinical to human clinical studies. Effective dose calculated from rat

data was overestimated compared to nonhuman primate data. The effective dose coefficient for both these TSPO ligands determined from PET studies in baboons is similar to that for [F-18]FDG. Crown Copyright (C) 2012 Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Objective: To maximize the use of left internal thoracic artery in coronary artery bypass grafting, we have adopted a strategy to revascularize the left anterior AMN-107 supplier descending artery area using a single skeletonized left internal thoracic artery; auto-Y composite grafting and sequential bypassing. This study evaluated graft patency and clinical outcomes after these procedures.

Methods: Between 2003 and 2009, 144 patients (112 men; age, 62.9 +/- 8.9 years) underwent coronary artery bypass grafting using a single left internal thoracic artery

graft to bypass the left anterior descending artery and a diagonal branch. Of them, 57 patients underwent sequential anastomosis (sequential group), and 87 underwent auto-Y composite anastomosis (auto-Y group). Graft patency was assessed using serial multidetector computed tomography.

Results: about There were no early mortalities. During a mean follow-up duration of 66.2 +/- 44.5 months, there were 8 deaths, including 2 cardiac deaths, and no cases of reintervention. The 2 groups were at similar risks of death on crude and adjusted analyses (P = .109 and .216). The 2-year patency rates for the LAD site were 98% in the sequential group and 100% in the auto-Y group (P = .195). The 2-year patency rates for the diagonal artery site were 100% in the sequential group and 92.9% in the auto-Y group (P – .038).

Conclusions: Revascularization of the left anterior descending artery area using a single skeletonized left internal thoracic artery resulted in excellent clinical outcomes and graft patency using either auto-Y or sequential grafting.

001).

Conclusion: Radioconjugate of IGF-1R siRNA, p-SCN-Bn-DTPA and Lu-177 was successfully produced and characterized as radiopharmaceutical. The present study demonstrates the involvement of Lu-177-labeled IGF-1R siRNA in the inhibition of cell growth and induction of apoptosis in colon cancer cells. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All

rights reserved.”
“Background: Early life trauma, particularly child abuse, has been associated with aberrations in hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis functioning in adulthood. However, the relationship of early abuse and later adult neuroendocrine changes may be moderated by additional factors such as comorbid psychopathology and recent life stress. JQ1 Parental exposure to child abuse may have transgenerational effects, with offspring of abuse victims selleck compound showing similar neuroendocrine profiles as their mothers. The majority of previous studies in this area focus on adult offspring, and the degree to which the effects of parental child abuse can be detected earlier in the development of the offspring remains obscure.

Methods: The current study utilized a clinical sample of women with a history of MDD (N = 126), to examine the effects of maternal early life sexual and physical abuse (Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ)) on both

maternal and infant salivary cortisol levels during a laboratory stress paradigm at 6 months postpartum.

Results: Maternal child abuse was associated with steeper declines in cortisol in the mothers and lower baseline cortisol in their infants. Comorbid maternal PTSD, current maternal depressive symptoms, and recent life stressors were significant moderators of maternal cortisol change. Maternal abuse history was associated with increases in cortisol levels in those mothers who experienced these additional stressors. Similarly, a history of early maternal abuse and

comorbid PTSD was associated with greater increases in infant cortisol levels.

Conclusions: Maternal childhood abuse was associated with HPA axis function in both the mother and the infant during the postpartum period. (c) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“In humans and in animals, mental schemas can store information within an associative framework that enables rapid and Roflumilast efficient assimilation of new information. Using a hippocampal-dependent paired-associate task, we now report that the anterior cingulate cortex is part of a neocortical network of schema storage with NMDA receptor-mediated transmission critical for information updating, and AMPA receptor-mediated transmission required for the expression and updating of stored information.”
“The goal of the present study was to explore the effects of long-term hormone deprivation on the ability of subsequent estrogen treatment to affect attention performance on the 5-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRTT).

The peer reviewed literature and relevant surveys from 1985 to 2006 were subsequently reviewed.

Results: An association between erectile dysfunction and sleep disorders appears to exist in survey studies relying on self-report and in small case series. Hormonal, neural

and endothelial mechanisms have been implicated in linking sleep disorders with erectile dysfunction. Treatment of sleep disorders, specifically sleep apnea with continuous positive airway pressure, has been shown to improve patient erectile function.

Conclusions: Clinicians should consider concomitant sleep disorders when learn more evaluating patients with erectile dysfunction, especially in those refractory to routine therapy. Further studies are necessary to clearly define the causative link between sleep disorders and erectile dysfunction.”
“To determine whether corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 (CRHR1) coexists with endothelin-1 (ET-1) in rat paraventricular nucleus (PVN), ET-1 expression and its regulation by CRH and CRHR1 under hypoxia, rats were exposed to simulated continuous hypoxia at 5 km altitude (CH5km, equal to

10.8% O-2) in a hypobaric chamber for 1, 2, https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ly2874455.html 5,10,15 or 25 days. ET-1, CRH, and its mRNA were measured using radioimmunoassay (RIA), immunohistochemistry, and in situ hybridization. The coexistence of ET-1 and CRHR1 was identified by confocal immunofluorescence. The results showed that CH5km caused a significant decrease of ET-1 level in PVN at 5 days, but decreased

CRH on days 1 and 2 while it increased on days 5 and 10. CH5km induced ET-1 mRNA upregulation and ET-1 decrease at 5 days, the effects were completely reversed by treatment with five-daily-injections of a CRHR1 antagonist (butyl-[2,5-dimethyl-7-(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d] pyrimidin-4-yl]-ethylamine: CP-154,526). Also, this treatment significantly reversed the CH5km-induced increase in CRH and CRHmRNA in PVN at 5 days. Moreover we found that the changes in expression of ET-1 and CRHR1 induced Z-VAD-FMK mouse by CH5km were co-localized in parvocellular PVN cells. In conclusion, CRHR1 coexists with ET-1 in parvocellular PVN, continuous hypoxia stimulates ET-1 and ET-1mRNA as well as CRH and CRHmRNA, and CRHR1 evidently modulates ET-1 release and ET-1mRNA activation caused by continuous hypoxia. (c) 2008 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of IBRO.”
“Purpose: We compared the postoperative and renal functional outcomes of patients undergoing open or laparoscopic partial nephrectomy for tumor in a solitary functioning kidney.

Materials and Methods: Between 1999 and 2006, 169 open and 30 laparoscopic partial nephrectomies were performed for 7 cm or smaller tumors in a solitary functioning kidney. Data were collected in an institutional review board approved registry and median followup was 2.0 years. Preoperative and postoperative glomerular filtration rates were estimated with the abbreviated Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation.

Indeed, on some networks, epidemics occur only for sufficiently high transmissibility, whereas in others (e.g. scale-free networks), no such threshold effect exists. While the effects of variability in connectivity are relatively well known, the effects of clustering in the population on disease dynamics are still debated. We develop a simple and intuitive model for calculating the reproductive number AZD6094 R-0 on clustered networks with arbitrary degree distribution. The model clearly shows that in general, clustering impedes epidemic spread; however, its effects are usually small and/or coupled with other topological properties of the network. The model is generalized to

take into account degree-dependent transmissibility (e.g., relevant for disease vectors). The model is also used to easily rederive a known result concerning the formation of the giant component. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“During development, protein substrates need to be removed

and degraded when they are no longer required. The E3 ubiquitin ligases, including Nedd4 family proteins, are a major group of enzymes responsible for adding ubiquitin chains to protein substrates prior to their degradation. Ndfip1 (Nedd4 family-interacting protein 1) is an adaptor and activator for Nedd4-family ubiquitin ligases for increasing substrate specificity. To study Nedd4-mediated ubiquitination during cortical development, we have mapped the spatio-temporal Go6983 dynamics of Ndfip1 protein expression by immunocytochemistry. Ndfip1 Carbohydrate expression was observed from embryonic day 11 (E11.5) until adult stages. Its presence increased during the postnatal stages and peaked at postnatal day 7 (P7). Spatially, Ndfip1 was found in the ventricular and marginal zones during corticogenesis but also in the cortical plate and subplate during midstage cortical development (E15.5). Postnatally, Ndfip1 was expressed in all cortical neurons

(but not in glial cells) and this expression was both ubiquitous and uniform across cortical layers involving both pyramidal and non-pyramidal neurons. This consistent but dynamic pattern of Ndfip1 expression in temporal and spatial domains of the cortical landscape is indicative of complex programs of protein ubiquitination during corticogenesis. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The effect of glycosylation on structure and stability of glycoproteins has been a topic of considerable interest. In this work, we have investigated the solution conformation of the oligosaccharide and its effect on the structure and stability of the glycoprotein by carrying out a series of long Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations on glycosylated Erythrina corallodendron lectin (EcorL) and nonglycosylated recombinant Erythrina corallodendron lectin (rEcorL).

Sequencing of the chromosomal ends revealed that this nucleotide is specifically present as a terminal nucleotide at the 3′ end of telomeres. Mutational analysis of HpTER confirmed that the incorporation of dT functions to limit telomere

length in this species.”
“The Xenopus Cripto-1 protein is confined to the cells of the animal hemisphere during early embryogenesis where it regulates the formation of anterior structures. Cripto-1 protein Selleck Anlotinib accumulates only in animal cells because cripto-1 mRNA in cells of the vegetal hemisphere is translationally repressed. Here, we show that the RNA binding protein, Bicaudal-C (Bic-C), functioned directly in this vegetal cell-specific repression. While Bic-C protein is normally confined to vegetal cells, ectopic expression of Bic-C in animal cells repressed a cripto-1 mRNA reporter and associated with endogenous cripto-1 mRNA. Repression by Bic-C required its N-terminal domain, comprised of multiple KH motifs, for specific binding to relevant control elements within the cripto-1 mRNA and a functionally separable C-terminal translation repression domain. Bic-C-mediated repression required the

5′ CAP and translation initiation factors, but not a poly(A) tail or the conserved SAM domain within Bic-C. Bic-C-directed immunoprecipitation followed by deep sequencing of associated mRNAs FGFR inhibitor identified multiple Bic-C-regulated mRNA targets, including cripto-1 mRNA, providing new insights and tools for understanding the role of Bic-C in vertebrate development.”
“Argonaute2 (Ago2) protein and associated microRNAs

(miRNAs) or small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) form the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) for target messenger RNA cleavage and post-transcriptional gene silencing. Although Ago2 is essential for RISC activity, the mechanism of RISC assembly is not well understood, and factors controlling Ago2 protein expression are largely unknown. A role for the Hsc70/Hsp90 chaperone complex in loading small RNA duplexes into the RISC has been demonstrated in cell extracts, and unloaded Galactokinase Ago2 is unstable and degraded by the lysosome in mammalian cells. Here we identify the co-chaperones Fkbp4 and Fkbp5 as Ago2-associated proteins in mouse embryonic stem cells. Pharmacological inhibition of this interaction using FK506 or siRNA-mediated Fkbp4/5 depletion leads to decreased Ago2 protein levels. We find FK506 treatment inhibits, whereas Fkbp4/5 overexpression promotes, miRNA-mediated stabilization of Ago2 expression. Simultaneous treatment with a lysosome inhibitor revealed the accumulation of unloaded Ago2 complexes in FK506-treated cells. We find that, consistent with unloaded miRNAs being unstable, FK506 treatment also affects miRNA abundance, particularly nascent miRNAs. Our results support a role for Fkbp4/5 in RISC assembly.”
“Background: The genotypic shift of hepatitis A virus (HAV) and its correlation with clinical course has not been evaluated in acute hepatitis A (AHA).

All drugs shortened

the recovery period, prevented the increase of LFBP without affecting the increase in serum corticosterone levels. Results indicate that vasopressin receptors located within the central nervous system mediate, in part, the cardiovascular response to air-jet stress without affecting find more either the neuroendocrine component or inducing sedation. They support the view that the V-1b receptor antagonist may be of potential therapeutic value in reducing arterial pressure induced by stress-related disorders. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Purpose: We prospectively assessed response and cure rates of alarm treatment, following pretreatment with antinuscarinics and/or holding exercises aimed at increasing maximum volume voided in 149 children with monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis.

Materials and Methods: In a prior trial the same 149 children had been randomized into 5 groups to assess interventions for increasing maximum volume voided, namely placebo or antimuscarinics with (groups A and B, respectively) and without (C and D, respectively) holding exercises,

and a control group (E) receiving just alarm treatment. Following pretreatment groups A to D received alarm treatment. Full response and cure rates were assessed, as well as the influence on these rates of baseline maximum volume voided, increase in maximum volume voided after pretreatment, gender, www.selleckchem.com/products/icg-001.html age and previous treatment.

Results: Neither full response nor cure was influenced significantly by the increase in maximum volume voided achieved in groups A and B with holding exercises. Overall GPX6 full response ranged from 50% to

73%, and overall cure ranged from 50% to 67%. Possible predictors for full response and cure were prior treatment (p < 0.02) and age younger than 8 years (p < 0.05).

Conclusions: In monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis increasing maximum volume voided does not affect response or cure rate of subsequent alarm treatment. Previous treatment and age younger than 8 years are possible predictors for response and cure.”
“Long-term changes in the efficacy of glutamatergic synaptic transmission in the striatal complex are proposed to underlie motor learning and neuroadaptations leading to addiction. Dopamine and glutamate play key roles in the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) in the dorsal striatum, but their contribution to synaptic plasticity in the ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens, NAc) has been less extensively studied. We have examined the role of dopamine, glutamate and GABA in the induction of UP in mouse brain slices containing the NAc. High-frequency stimulation of glutamatergic inputs elicited LTP of field excitatory postsynaptic potentials/population spikes (fEPSP/PSs) in the core region of the NAc.

Further characterisation of the recombinant lectin revealed that it specifically binds to the monosaccharide Me-alpha-galactose presenting, nevertheless, lesser affinity than the native frutalin. Recombinant frutalin eluted from a size-exclusion chromatography column with a molecular mass of about 62-64

kDa, suggesting a tetrameric structure, however it did not agglutinate rabbit erythrocytes as native frutalin does. This work shows that the galactose-binding jacalin-related lectins four amino-acid linker peptide “”T-S-S-N”" does not undergo any proteolytic cleavage in the yeast P. pastoris and also that linker cleavage might not be essential for lectin sugar specificity. (c) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All PRN1371 research buy rights reserved.”
“Optically pure amines are highly valuable products or key intermediates for a vast number of bioactive compounds; however, efficient methods

for their preparation are rare. omega-Transaminases (TAs) can be applied either for the kinetic resolution of racemic amines or for the asymmetric synthesis of amines from learn more the corresponding ketones. The latter process is more advantageous because it leads to 100% product, and is therefore a major focus of this review. This review summarizes various methodologies for transamination reactions, and provides an overview of omega-TAs that have the potential to be used for the preparation of a broad spectrum of alpha-chiral amines. Recent methodological developments as well as some recently identified novel omega-TAs warrant an update on this topic.”
“Biochemical and biophysical characterization of kinases requires large quantities Nutlin-3 mw of purified protein. Here, we report the bacterial expression and purification of active Itk kinase domain (a Tec family kinase) using ArcticExpress cells that co-express the chaperonin system

Cpn60/10 from Oleispira antarctica. We describe a simple one step MgCl2/ATP/KCl incubation procedure to remove the co-purifying chaperonin impurity. Chaperonin co-purification is a common problem encountered during protein purification and the simple incubation step described here completely overcomes this problem. The approach targets the chaperonin system rather than the protein of interest and is therefore widely applicable to other protein targets. (c) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“It has become increasingly clear that the genome is dynamic and exquisitely sensitive, changing expression patterns in response to age, environmental stimuli and pharmacological and physiological manipulations. Similarly, cellular phenotype, traditionally viewed as a stable end-state, should be viewed as versatile and changeable. The phenotype of a cell is better defined as a ‘homeostatic phenotype’ implying plasticity resulting from a dynamically changing yet characteristic pattern of gene/protein expression. A stable change in phenotype is the result of the movement of a cell between different multidimensional identity spaces.

gov, number NCT00146640.

Findings The mean relative change in duration of morning stiffness of the joints from baseline to end of treatment was significantly higher with modified-release prednisone than with immediate-release prednisone (-22.7% vs-0.4%; difference=22. 4% [95% CI 0.49-44.30]; p=0.045). Patients in the prednisone modified-release group achieved a mean reduction of 44.0 (SD 136.6) min Verubecestat datasheet compared with baseline. The absolute difference between the treatment groups was 29.2 min (95% CI -2 . 59 to 61. 9) in favour of modified-release prednisone (p=0.072). The safety profile did not differ between treatments.

Interpretation Modified-release prednisone is well tolerated, convenient to administer, and produces a

clinically relevant reduction of morning stiffness of the joints in addition to all known therapeutic effects of immediate-release prednisone.”
“Introduction

Susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) is a novel magnetic resonance (MR) technique that exploits the magnetic susceptibility differences of various tissues, such as blood, iron and calcification. This pictorial review covers many clinical conditions illustrating its usefulness.

Methods SWI consists of using both magnitude and phase images from a high-resolution, three-dimensional fully velocity-compensated gradient echo sequence. Phase mask is created from the MR phase images, and multiplying these with the magnitude images increase the conspicuity of the smaller veins and other sources of susceptibility effects, which https://www.selleckchem.com/products/nu7441.html is depicted using minimal intensity projection (minIP).

Results The phase images are useful in differentiating between diamagnetic and paramagnetic susceptibility effects of calcium and blood, respectively. This unique MR sequence will help in detecting occult low flow vascular lesions, calcification and cerebral microbleed in various pathologic conditions and aids in characterizing tumors and degenerative diseases

of the brain. This sequence also can be used to visualize normal brain structures with conspicuity.

Conclusion Susceptibility-weighted imaging is useful in differentiating and characterizing diverse brain pathologies.”
“Background Maternal nutrient supplementation Pazopanib manufacturer in developing countries is generally restricted to provision of iron and folic acid (IFA). Change in practice toward supplementation with multiple micronutrients (MMN) has been hindered by little evidence of the effects of MMN on fetal loss and infant death. We assessed the effect of maternal supplementation with MMN, compared with IFA, on fetal loss and infant death in the setting of routine prenatal care services.

Methods in a double-blind cluster-randomised trial in Lombok, Indonesia, we randomly assigned 262 midwives to distribute IFA (n=15 486) or MMN (n=15 804) supplements to 31290 pregnant women through government prenatal care services that were strengthened by training and community-based advocacy.

Participants completed the Cook-Medley Hostility Scale, together with measures of standard biological risk factors and heart rate variability. Associations between hostility and CHD this website risk factors were evaluated, controlling for age, education, smoking, physical activity, body mass index, and waist/hip ratio, using regression models. Results: In white men, hostility was associated positively with fasting glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, and negatively with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. High levels of hostility were also related to increased prevalence of diabetes and the metabolic syndrome

in white men. Hostility in South Asian men was associated with impaired autonomic function. Hostility was not related to any biological CHD risk factors in South Asian or white women. Conclusions: Our results showed that hostility was independently associated

with glucose metabolism and dyslipidemia in white men, and with autonomic dysfunction in South Asian men. Hostility was found not to be relevant for measured CHD risk factors in females. Longitudinal data are required to establish whether the impact of hostility on CHD risk in men is mediated through metabolic and autonomic processes.”
“To investigate the implications of duration Selleck AMG510 of deafness in the rehabilitation of unilateral deafness utilizing cochlear implantation. From the ongoing prospective cochlear implantation in unilateral deafness study, we looked at five adults who received a cochlear implant for long-term unilateral deafness. Speech perception in noise and subjective evaluation of the benefits of cochlear implantation were measured at 3, 6, and 12 months after implantation. The results were analyzed and compared with published data from normal hearing individuals and adults using cochlear implants bilaterally. Analysis of speech perception in noise showed significant improvement for three spatial configurations: speech and noise from the front (S-0/N-0; P=0.003), speech from the front and noise from the

normal hearing ear (S-0/N-HE; P=0.001), speech from the implanted ear, and noise from the normal Amine dehydrogenase hearing ear (S-CI/N-HE; P<0.001). The scores obtained at 12 months after surgery improved to values similar to those obtained by individuals with normal hearing. The results of subjective measures showed significant improvement in hearing over time to the scores obtained by individuals with a bilateral cochlear implants and those with normal hearing. In this study, older adults with more than 25 years of unilateral deafness obtained scores in speech perception testing and in subjective evaluation that are similar to those attained by individuals with normal hearing and/or those with bilateral cochlear implants. Therefore, patients with postlingual unilateral deafness should not be excluded as cochlear implant candidates on the basis of a long duration of deafness.