Mean MPA level leading to successful MMF monotherapy or MMF-minimal

tacrolimus therapy was >= 1.0 mu g/mL in 87% and > 2.0 mu g/mL in 56.5%.

Conclusion:

MPA TDM-based MMF dosage adjustment enabled us to administer MMF more confidently than categorical dosing. MPA TDM appears to be a useful tool to cope with the wide pharmacokinetic variability of MMF after liver transplantation.”
“Background: Studies of adult patients suggest that nonoperative treatment of clavicle fractures may result in functional disability, but this has not been demonstrated in adolescents. The purpose of this study was to determine the functional outcomes after nonoperative treatment of displaced, shortened, midshaft clavicle BAY 63-2521 fractures in adolescents.

Methods: Adolescents ten to eighteen years of age with an isolated, completely displaced, shortened, midshaft clavicle fracture sustained between 2009 and Barasertib concentration 2011 were recruited for this study. Injury and final radiographs were assessed for displacement, shortening, and clavicle length. Maximal and endurance strength testing was performed with the Baltimore Therapeutic Equipment (BTE) machine, with use of the uninjured shoulder as an internal control. Shoulder range of motion and clavicle length

were assessed clinically, and patient-oriented outcomes were obtained.

Results: Sixteen patients (four of whom were female) with an average age (and standard deviation) of 14.2 +/- 2 years and a mean duration of follow-up of 2 +/- 1 years were included in the study. Fifteen patients were right-hand dominant and one was ambidextrous, and thirteen of the fractures occurred in the nondominant limb. Compared with the uninjured limb, no differences were noted in range of motion or strength except for an 8% decrease in maximal shoulder external rotation strength (p = 0.04) and a SNX-5422 price 11% loss of shoulder

abduction endurance strength (p = 0.04). Radiographs demonstrated a 100% union rate but significant shortening compared with the uninjured clavicle (p <= 0.001). SANE (Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation), QuickDASH (shortened version of the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand questionnaire), and Constant scores were similar between sides. Fifteen of the sixteen patients were satisfied with the appearance of the clavicle, and all returned to full activity, including the preinjury (or a higher) level of sports participation.

Conclusions: Regardless of patient age, sports participation, and final clavicle shortening, no differences in pain, strength, shoulder range of motion, or subjective outcome scores were found between the injured and uninjured limbs of adolescents treated nonoperatively for a displaced, shortened, midshaft clavicle fracture.”
“We report a rare case of postoperative colon cancer recurrence who presented with hematuria 13 years after resection of the primary colonic cancer.

Among the highly diverse siRNAs, trans-acting siRNAs (ta-siRNAs) have been shown to be plant-specific. In Arabidopsis, eight TAS loci belonging to four families (TAS1, TAS2, TAS3, and TAS4) have been identified, and bioinformatics analysis reveals that the sequence of TAS3 is highly conserved in plants. In this study, the function of TAS3 ta-siRNA (tasiR-ARF) has been revealed in rice (Oryza sativa L.) on polarity establishment and stage transition from vegetative to reproductive development by over-expressing Osta-siR2141. Osta-siR2141 replaced miR390 QNZ supplier in the miR390 backbone for ectopic expression in rice, and overexpression of Osta-siR2141 caused disturbed vascular

bundle development and adaxialization in polarity establishment. Transgenic lines also displayed abnormal shoot apical meristems (SAMs) and retarded growth at the vegetative stage. Molecular analysis revealed that overexpression of Osta-siR2141 resulted in the down-regulation of miR166 and the up-regulation of class III homeodomain-leucine zipper genes (HD-ZIPIIIs) in the vegetative stage

but not in the reproductive stage. Moreover, overexpression of Osta-siR2141 in Arabidopsis disturbed polarity MK-1775 molecular weight establishment and retarded stage transition, suggesting that tasiR-ARF was functionally conserved in rice and Arabidopsis.”
“A simple and easily processible photovoltaic device has been developed based on boron-doped single-walled carbon nanotubes (B-SWNTs) and n-type silicon (n-Si) heterojunctions. The SWNTs were substitutionally doped with boron atoms by Semaxanib chemical structure thermal annealing, in the presence of B(2)O(3). The samples used for these studies were characterized by Raman spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis, transmission electron microscopy, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The fully functional

solar cell devices were fabricated by airbrush deposition that generated uniform B-SWNT films on top of the n-Si substrates. The carbon nanotube films acted as exciton-generation sites, charge collection, and transportation while the heterojunctions formed between B-SWNTs and n-Si acted as charge dissociation centers. The current-voltage characteristics in the absence of light and under illumination, as well as optical transmittance spectrum are reported here. It should be noted that the device fabrication process can be made amenable to scalability by depositing direct and uniform films using airbrushing, inkjet printing, or spin-coating techniques. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3531112]“
“Post-transplant outcome of kidney allografts depends on various factors, one of which may be the compatibility in volume between graft and recipient. However, previous studies adjusted the graft volume only for recipient’s size. As the adjusted graft volume for donor’s size would be substituted of nephron number more accurately, we adjusted the graft volume for both recipient’s and donor’s sizes.

Methods:

The incidence of cervical cancer was calculated using a Markov model with inputs based on Singapore data for the prevalence of HPV infection, socioeconomic characteristics and screening prevalence. The evaluation was performed for 10 scenarios: no screening, current opportunistic cytology screening, ideal optimal screening, universal adolescent HPV vaccination at 12-years old alone and with catch-up cohorts and combinations of screening and vaccination.

Results:

(1) The

model prediction showed that cervical cancer cases were reduced by 6.5% using opportunistic screening, by 34.3% using optimized screening and by 63.9% with a universal HPV vaccination at 12 years of age. (2) Adding optimized screening, but not opportunistic screening, to a universal adolescent HPV vaccination program caused a moderate further reduction in cervical ON-01910 ic50 cancer cases. (3) No difference was discernable in the impact of vaccination introduction between the age groups < 20, 20-24 and 25-29 years old.

(4) The time required to halve the incidence of cervical cancer was 42 years for universal vaccination at the age of 12 but could be shortened by including catch-up cohorts of women Ilomastat order up to 40-years old.

Conclusion:

A universal HPV vaccination program introduced between the ages of 12-29 is superior to cytology screening in reducing the burden of cervical cancer. However, in the next four decades of post-vaccination era, optimizing the screening program remains the most important measure for cervical cancer prevention.”
“Purpose: Ispinesib in vivo To determine if the number of nontargeted microbubbles retained in human carotid plaque is sufficient to be detected with ultrasonography (US).

Materials and Methods: The study protocol was approved by the local research ethics committee. Informed consent was obtained. A total of 37 subjects with carotid atherosclerosis (mean age, 69.9 years; age range, 49-86 years), of whom 27 (73%) were men (mean age, 69.7 years; age range, 58-86 years) and 10 (27%) were women (mean age, 70.3 years; age range, 49-86 years), were studied between December 2008 and May 2009 with late-phase (LP) contrast material-enhanced US by using flash imaging with a nonlinear

mode at an intermediate mechanical index of 0.34 6 minutes after bolus contrast agent injection. Plaques were defined as symptomatic if symptoms consistent with stroke, transient ischemic attack, or amaurosis fugax had occurred in the neurovascular territory of the plaque studied within 12 months prior to entry into the study. Plaques were defined as asymptomatic if no such events had ever occurred within the neurovascular territory. Raw linear data were used to quantify echogenicity of the plaque, which was normalized to lumen echogenicity. Gray-scale median score was also calculated.

Results: Of the 37 subjects, 16 (43%) had symptomatic plaques and 21 (57%) had asymptomatic plaques. All examinations yielded evaluable LP contrast-enhanced US data.

Photoconductivity, persistent photoconductivity, and subgap photoconductivity

of the coated nanowires were increased in all cases. TaN ALD coatings showed a reduced effect compared to the Al(2)O(3) coated samples.”
“Background: Nowadays, the genus Bryconamericus is placed in subfamily Stevardiinae within of Characidae, but not shows consistent evidence of monophyletism. The purpose of this work was to study the chromosomes of three species of Bryconamericus, aiming to add cytogenetic knowledge and contribute to the understanding of the chromosomal evolution of this genus.

Results: The chromosomes of three species of Bryconamericus were analyzed using cytogenetic techniques. The karyotype of Bryconamericus stramineus contained 6 metacentric (m) + 10 submetacentric (sm) + 16 subtelocentric (st) + 20 acrocentric (a), the fundamental number (FN) of 84, one silver this website impregnated (Ag-NOR) learn more pair, one pair bearing the 18S ribosomal DNA sites, another pair bearing the 5S rDNA sites, and a few positive C-bands. Bryconamericus turiuba had a karyotype containing 8 m + 10sm + 14st + 20a (FN = 84), one chromosome pair Ag-NOR, two pairs bearing the 18S rDNA sites, two pairs bearing the 5S rDNA sites, and a few C-band regions. Bryconamericus cf. iheringii had a karyotype containing 10 m + 14sm + 18st + 10a (FN = 94),

including one pair with a secondary constriction Ag-NOR positive. In this karyotype the fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) showed the 18S and 5S rDNA probe in adjacent position.

Conclusions: The results obtained in this work showed different characteristics in the organization

of two multigene families, indicating that distinct evolutionary forces acting on the diversity of rDNA sequences in the genome of three Bryconamericus species.”
“Complete mitochondrial DNA sequences Salubrinal have been used successfully to estimate phylogenetic relationships among animal taxa, and for studies of population genetics and molecular evolution. We made phylogenetic analyses of 22 species of Galliformes, with two species of Anseriformes as outgroups, using maximum likelihood (ML), maximum parsimony (MP) and Bayesian inference (BI) methods based on the nucleotide dataset and the corresponding amino acid dataset of 13 concatenated protein-coding genes. The consensus phylogenetic trees supported monophyly of Galliformes, Phasianidae (nucleotide and amino acid: posterior probabilities 1.00 in BI, bootstrap value >99% in ML and MP), Coturnicinae, and Gallininae (nucleotide and amino acid: posterior probabilities 1.00 in BI, bootstrap value >85% in ML and MP), but failed to demonstrate monophyly of Pavoninae and Phasianinae. Our results also support a sister-group relationship between megapodes and all other galliforms. We found that Arborophilinae is basal to the balance of the Phasianidae. Moreover, we suggest that the turkey should be classified in the Phasianinae of Phasianidae.

While a period of dietary restriction in obese mothers may ablate the programming of obesity, it is associated with an activation of the stress axis in the offspring. Thus, maternal obesity may result in epigenetic changes which predict the need for efficient fat storage

in postnatal life, while maternal weight loss may lead to epigenetic changes which predict later adversity. Thus, development of dietary interventions for obese mothers during the periconceptional period requires a greater evidence base which allows the effective weighing up of the metabolic benefits and costs for the offspring.”
“Transient light-induced Gamma-secretase inhibitor absorption in the near infrared (IR) and visible (vis) spectral range is observed in transparent lanthanum-modified lead zirconate titante

piezoelectric ceramics by means of a pump-and-probe-type experiment after pulsed illumination with 532 nm. Its temporal behavior in the IR range is satisfactorily described by a single stretched exponential function, whereas in the vis range a sum of two stretched exponential functions is necessary. The results prove the existence of at least two defect levels in the energetic band gap.”
“BACKGROUND: Calcination significantly increased the adsorption performance of alunite for Acid Red 88. RESULTS: The adsorption properties of calcined alunite for Acid Red 88 were investigated. pH, adsorbent dosage, contact time and ionic strength were found to influence the adsorption. Temperature did not significantly selleck chemicals affect the process. Kinetic data obey a pseudo-second-order model, while intraparticle diffusion is not the only rate-limiting step. The Langmuir isotherm well described the equilibrium data. The monolayer adsorption capacity of calcined alunite was found to be 832.81 mg g-1. It was successfully used for the removal of

dye in continuous mode at a flow rate of 4.0 mL min-1. Co-anions affected the adsorption capacity of calcined alunite but the presence of other organic compounds in the same medium did not significantly change the adsorption performance. Reusability studies showed that the calcined alunite can be reused four times. Electrostatic interaction, ion-exchange and complexation were found to be effective www.selleckchem.com/products/gm6001.html mechanisms for the adsorption of Acid Red 88 by calcined alunite. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that calcined alunite has excellent adsorption performance and might be a very good adsorbent for Acid Red 88 as an abundant, economical and practical material. (c) 2012 Society of Chemical Industry”
“We investigated experimentally the nucleation of superconductivity in a mesoscopic hybrid structure, consisting of a thin superconducting disk covered with a ferromagnetic layer with an in-plane magnetic moment.

Sixty patients (69 6 11 years) completed a baseline (BL) vascular risk stratification and aerobic fitness examination (cycle test) within 2 weeks

of symptom onset. Subjects were then randomized to either an 8-week, twice weekly exercise program or to a usual-care control (CON) group. YH25448 order Postintervention (PI) assessments were completed immediately after the intervention and at 3-month follow-up. A series of primary (systolic blood pressure [SBP]) and secondary (vascular risk factors like total cholesterol [TC], high-density lipoproteins, etc.; Framingham risk score; peak oxygen uptake) outcome measures were assessed. Significantly greater reductions in SBP (mean change +/- SD; -10.4 +/- 9.2 mm Hg) and TC (-.53 +/- .90 mmol/L) were observed between BL and PI assessments for the exercise group compared with the CON group (-1.9 +/- 15.4 mm Hg and -.08 +/- .59 mmol/L, respectively) (P < .05). These improvements were maintained between the PI and the 3-month follow-up assessment (P > .05). Significant

improvements in aerobic fitness were also observed and maintained JNJ-26481585 cost at the 3-month follow-up assessment after regular exercise participation (P < .05). The early engagement in exercise resulted in significant improvements in vascular risk factors and fitness in those diagnosed with TIA. As these beneficial effects were maintained up to 3 months after completing the exercise program, exercise should be considered a useful additive treatment strategy for newly diagnosed TIA patients. Future research should examine the long-term efficacy of such programs.”
“Objective To perform in vivo analysis of retinal functional and structural parameters in healthy mouse eyes. Animal Studied Adult C57BL/6 male mice (n = 37). Procedures Retinal function was

evaluated using pattern electroretinography (pERG) and the chromatic pupil light reflex (cPLR). Structural properties of the retina and nerve fiber layer (NFL) were evaluated using spectral-domain ISRIB molecular weight optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Results The average pERG amplitudes were found to be 11.2 +/- 0.7 mu V (P50-N95, mean +/- SEM), with an implicit time for P50-N95 interval of 90.4 +/- 5.4 ms. Total retinal thickness was 229.5 +/- 1.7 mu m (mean +/- SEM) in the area centralis region. The thickness of the retinal nerve fiber layer (mean +/- SEM) using a circular peripapillary retinal scan centered on the optic nerve was 46.7 +/- 0.9 mu m (temporal), 46.1 +/- 0.9 mu m (superior), 45.8 +/- 0.9 mu m (nasal), and 48.4 +/- 1 mu m (inferior). The baseline pupil diameter was 2.1 +/- 0.05 mm in darkness, and 1.1 +/- 0.05 and 0.56 +/- 0.

“
“This study investigates the effect of Artocarpus altilis leaf

extracts on angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity. Among the extracts tested, hot ethanol extract exhibited a potent ACE-inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 54.08 +/- 0.29 mu gmL(-1) followed by cold ethyl acetate extract (IC50 of 85.44 +/- 0.85 mu gmL(-1)). In contrast, the hot aqueous extracts showed minimum inhibition with the IC50 value of 765.52 +/- 11.97 mu gmL(-1) at the maximum concentration tested. selleck chemical Further, the phytochemical analysis indicated the varied distribution of tannins, phenolics, glycosides, saponins, steroids, terpenoids and anthraquinones in cold and hot leaf extracts. The correlation between the phytochemical analysis and ACE-inhibitory activity suggests that Duvelisib the high content of glycosidic and phenolic compounds could be involved in exerting ACE-inhibitory activity. In conclusion, this study supports the utilisation of A. altilis leaf in the folk medicine for the better treatment of hypertension. Further studies on isolation and characterisation of specific ACE-inhibitory molecule(s) from ethyl acetate, ethanol and methanol extracts

of A. altilis leaf would be highly interesting.”
“Objective: This study aimed to investigate the spatial and temporal subchondral bone change of Dunkin-Hartley (DH) strain guinea pigs spontaneous osteoarthritis (OA) model at early stage with three-dimensional Microfocal Computed Tomography (Micro-Cc) analysis, histology and immunohistochemistry.

Materials and methods: Knee joints of OH and Bristol Strain 2 (BS2) guinea pigs were analyzed at 1, 2 and 3 months of age for early staged subchondral bone ultrastructure change of OA by Micro-CT and histology.

And cartilage degeneration was monitored by histological examination. In addition, expression of Osterix was quantified by immunohistochemistry.

Results: Microscopic cartilage degeneration was not found at first 3 months in both DH and BS2 guinea pigs. Subchondral bone sclerosis with trabecular ultrastructure turnover was characterized in subchondral bone of DH guinea pigs. Increased thickness, bone mineral density with decreased porosity were defined in subchondral plate of DH guinea pigs. Subchondral trabecular bone was found to be plate-like, convex and isotropy with higher bone volume. Histology confirmed the finding of AZD6738 concentration lower porosity at osteochondral junction and increased bone volume. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the early OA subchondral bone change may be due to elevated level of osteoblast differentiation.

Conclusions: Subchondral bone ultrastructure change occurred at early stage of OA ahead of microscopic cartilage degeneration, which may further impair articular cartilage. It was possibly related to elevated level of osteoblast differentiation. (C) 2013 Osteoarthritis Research Society International. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Eighty-six nonobese young healthy Japanese were recruited. Energy expenditure was measured using indirect calorimetry. The subjects performed an aerobic exercise program at 60% of their maximal heart rate for 30 minutes. The level of fat oxidation Sapanisertib at rest and aerobic exercise of the male subjects with Trp/Arg of the beta 3-AR gene was significantly lower than that of the Trp/Trp genotype. No difference in FO(0-30) was observed in the female subjects. There was no association between

UCP-1 polymorphism and energy expenditure during aerobic exercise. It was revealed that the Trp64Arg polymorphism in beta 3-AR gene is associated with reduction of fat oxidation both in resting and aerobic exercise in healthy, young Japanese males. Copyright (C) 2009 Emiko Morita et al.”
“Background: Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) are responsible for 1.4% of UK deaths. Deprivation is a risk factor for AAA. Screening reduces AAA related mortality and is cost

effective if uptake remains high. The Highland aneurysm screening programme (HASP) began in 2001 offering screening to men in a sparsely populated area. The aim was to identify whether uptake varies with deprivation or rurality, in the context of an established programme.

Methods: Entinostat in vivo Retrospective interrogation of HASP records was performed on all men offered screening from 2001 until 2010. Deprivation and rurality status were derived from

postcode of residence (SIMD’09 and URC’08) and the relationships with screening uptake were examined.

Results: Mean uptake over the decade was 90.1%. There was a strong association between deprivation and uptake, which ranged from 79.5% in the most deprived population to 97.5% in the least deprived (p < 0.001). The odds of men who were least deprived attending was 10.6 times higher than those who were most deprived selleckchem (p < 0.001). Higher uptake was observed in more rural areas (p = 0.02). When combined in a logistic regression model, only deprivation remained significant, indicating any apparent effect of rurality was explained by deprivation. No change was observed in the mean aortic diameter of 65-year-old men or the incidence of AAA.

Conclusion: HASP has a high uptake even in the most deprived and rural populations, demonstrating that programme design has overcome any potential rural disadvantage. A gradient of uptake associated with deprivation remains, although even the most deprived have an uptake of almost 80%. (C) 2013 European Society for Vascular Surgery. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Objective: To describe a patient-centered medication therapy management (MTM) program that focuses on lifestyle medicine.

Setting: Community pharmacy in Omaha, NE, from August 2008 to September 2010.

The interface recombination velocity was measured by means of the photoacoustic (PA) technique in a heat transmission configuration, in which minority carriers are photoexcited

at the CdTe layer after illumination through the substrate and the CdS thin film. For data processing, a theoretical model was developed for check details the generation of the PA signal. We show a reduction in the value of the recombination velocity respecting those obtained for samples where CdS was grown by CSVT, and we observe that a minimal value appears for a thiourea/CdCl2 ratio in the CdS deposition solution equal to 5. These results show a good correlation with those of electrical buy JQEZ5 measurements performed in solar cell devices. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3431534]“
“Background:

Young infants are susceptible to developmental factors influencing the pharmacokinetics of drugs. Fluconazole is increasingly used to prevent and treat invasive candidiasis in infants. Dosing guidance remains empiric and variable because limited pharmacokinetic data exist.

Methods: Our population pharmacokinetic model derived from 357 fluconazole plasma concentrations from 55 infants (23-40 week gestation) illustrates expected changes in fluconazole clearance based upon gestational age, postnatal age, weight, and creatinine. We used a Monte Carlo simulation approach based on parametric description of a patient population’s pharmacokinetic response to fluconazole

to predict fluconazole exposure (median: 10th and 90th percentile population variability range) after 3, 6, and 12 mg/kg dosing.

Results: For the treatment of invasive candidiasis, a dose of in least 12 mg/kg/d in the first 90 days after birth is needed to achieve an area under the concentration curve (AUC) of >400 mg*h/L and all AUC/minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) >50 for Candida species with MIC <8 mu g/mL in >= 90%o of <30 week gestation infants and 80% S3I-201 manufacturer of 30 to 40 week gestation infants. The more preterm infants achieve a higher median AUC (682 mg*hr/L) compared with more mature infants (520 mg*hr/L). For early Prevention of candidiasis in 23 to 29 week infants, a dose of 3 or 6 mg/kg twice weekly during the first 42 days of life is equivalent to all AUC of 50 and 100 mg*hr/L, respectively, and maintains fluconazole concentrations >= 2 or 4 mu g/mL, respectively, for half of the dosing interval. For late prevention, the 6 mg/kg dose every 72 hours provides similar exposure to 3 mg/kg daily dose. Infants with scrum creatinine >= 1.3 mg/dL have delayed drug clearance and dose adjustment is indicated if creatinine does not improve within 96 hours.

A rheological study of the application

of the Palierne model revealed that in addition to the droplet shape relaxation, another mechanism was present at lower frequencies. We discuss the results by hypothesizing a strong interaction between the high-molecular-weight linear fraction of the LLDPE matrix and a fraction of molecules of the dispersed phase, which formed a thick interface Birinapant research buy with its own viscoelastic properties. A clear change in this additional mechanism was observed, depending on the dispersed minor-phase properties, which produced an impact on the processing of the blends, and more precisely, on the values of the melt strength in the melt-spinning experiments. (C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 119: 3217-3226, 2011″
“Background: Using the PEN-3 cultural model, this study sought to understand mothers treatment decisions about their child febrile illness by examining positive health beliefs and practices held by mothers, examine existential (unique) practices that are indigenous to mothers and have no harmful health consequences, and explore negative beliefs and practices that limit recommended responses to febrile illness in children.

Methods: This qualitative study was conducted in the paediatric section of

an outpatient clinic in south-west Nigeria. A total of 123 mothers with children less than five years of age with febrile illness diagnosed as malaria by physicians were individually interviewed on their treatment-seeking practices prior to visiting the clinic and their MK-8776 cell line reasons for attendance at the clinic.

Results: For some mothers interviewed, effective treatment from the clinic for their child’s febrile illness,

coupled with physician’s approach with malaria diagnosis and treatment practices was important in generating positive maternal treatment-seeking responses to find protocol child febrile illness. In addition, beliefs related to a child teething highlighted existential decisions with treatment-seeking for child febrile illness in this setting. Finally, the belief that febrile illness is not all that severe despite noticeable signs and symptoms was a concerning negative perception shared by some mothers in this study.

Conclusion: The findings highlight the need to consider not only the responses that may serve as barriers to effective treatment, but also an acknowledgment of the positive and existential responses that are equally critical in influencing mothers’ management of malaria in their children.”
“Although nodulated legumes have been used by indigenous peoples in Africa for centuries, their full potential has never been realized. With modern technology there is scope for rapid improvement of both plant and microbial germplasm. This review gives examples of some recent developments in the form of case studies; these range from multipurpose human food crops, such as cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.